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Part II--The Mineral Waters of Kansas, Arranged and Classified, with Analyses, continued
Chapter XV--The Sulfid Group
Sulfid waters, or those giving off free hydrogen-sulfid gas, are very widely distributed all over the world. This gas, which is considered of great value by many physicians as a constituent of mineral waters, often issues from the earth in the vicinity of semi-active volcanoes. and the chemist readily understands how it may be set free by the action of hot water on sulfids. Organic matter, which has a tendency to reduce sulfates to sulfids, often assists very much in its formation. The therapeutic action of this gas has already been discussed (see pp. 65-67).
These waters may contain not only the free hydrogen-sulfid gas, but the sulfids, sulfhydrates, and perhaps thiosulfates (hyposulfites). The therapeutic action, as has been noticed, is supposed to be different when we have a solution of a sulfid, etc., from the action of the gas simply dissolved in water.
The sulfur waters of Kansas are not numerous, but some of them may become of importance. Several of these waters are those that supply the cities of the southeastern part of the state. Here the surface-waters are very unsatisfactory on account of the proximity of coal-mines, and the deep well-waters are the only supply available. As the deep-well waters are allowed .to stand exposed to the air oxidation takes place, and a white deposit of sulfur soon forms in the reservoir. If the water is delivered to customers directly, without proper aeration, the smell of hydrogen sulfid still remains init, but the residents, at least, soon become accustomed to this taste, and, as otherwise the amount of mineral matter is not large, the water is favorably regarded. There is, however, a possibility in the extreme southeast that these deep wells may strike veins of lead and zinc, and that the water may be contaminated with these metals, especially the latter.
Other waters here classified are rich in chlorids, and would be classified as dilute brines, if they did not contain hydrogen-sulfid gas. They possess, therefore, the therapeutic properties of both classes of waters.
A sulfur water can be recognized not only by the odor, which is that of rotten eggs, but also by the deposit of yellowish-white matter (sulfur) in the spring. In some waters there is a black deposit of iron sulfid. A silver coin placed in the water soon becomes black from the formation of silver sulfid on the surface.
This group is represented by the following waters:
- Brookville, Saline county.
- Cherokee, Cherokee county.
- Columbus, Cherokee county.
- Sulfur Well, Cloud county.
- Fort Scott, Bourbon county, artesian well.
- Fort Scott sulfo-magnesian well.
- Girard, Crawford county.
- Haddon mineral well, Geary county.
- Madison, Sulfur Well, Greenwood county.
- Pittsburg, Crawford county.
- Wakefield, Sulfur Well, Clay county.
Brookville Well, Saline County
The water from a well some distance southwest of Brookville proves to be a strong sulfur water. It is clear and limpid at first, but after a time deposits a sediment. The water contains much magnesia and iron, probably existing as chlorids; calcium, as sulfate and sulfid; sodium chlorid, silica, and free hydrogen-sulfid gas. This water may be mentioned as of considerable interest, and quite likely to be of value medicinally.
The Cherokee Well
In the southeastern part of the state it was for some years difficult to obtain good water for domestic purposes. Shallow wells in the vicinity of the coal deposits yielded water that was very unsatisfactory, and the surface-waters were liable to be contaminated with the drainage from the mines. On this account deep wells have been bored in several localities, especially for a public supply in the cities of Cherokee, Columbus, Girard, Pittsburg, Weir City, Fleming, and Midland. Though some of the waters are not so good as might be desired, they are more wholesome than that from surface wells.
The well at Cherokee is just south of the city, and the plant may be taken as a type for the others. This well is 916 feet deep, with 315 feet cased. The upper part of the well is cased with eight-inch tubing, and the lower part with six-inch tubing. This casing is cemented to the rock to keep out all waters flowing over the coal strata. No less than 30,000 gallons per day are pumped from this well without exhausting the supply. As will be noticed in the case of the other wells of this character, the temperature of the water is somewhat high. The white deposit of sulfur separates out of the water after it has stood some time, and the water when first drawn has the odor of hydrogen sulfid. The Cherokee plant was constructed in 1896, and is owned by the city;
| Cherokee City Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .1310 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .1769 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0085 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0103 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0622 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .0869 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0313 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0521 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0019 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0037 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0943 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0943 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .1423 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .1187 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0112 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0089 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2478 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0538 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0212 | |||
| Total | .8322 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .1551 | 9.045 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .1838 | 10.719 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0497 | 2.898 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .0190 | 1.108 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .1541 | 8.988 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .0678 | 3.954 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .1901 | 11.086 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | 0037 | .216 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0089 | .519 |
| Totals | .8322 | 48.543 |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas abundant. Temperature, 22° C. (71.5° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and A. S. Hull. |
||
Cloud County Sulphur Spring
(Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 32, p. 174.)
| Ions | Grams per liter |
|---|---|
| Sodium (Na) | trace |
| Calcium (Ca) | .1171 |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0065 |
| Iron (Fe) | trace |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .1432 |
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .1662 | 9.698 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .2753 | 16.064 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .0325 | 1.922 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | trace | trace |
| Hydrogen sulfid (H2S) | 3157 | 18.443 |
| Totals | .7897 | 46.127 |
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer. | ||
Columbus Well
The well in Columbus is still deeper than that at Cherokee, being 1400 feet deep. A well ninety feet deep and ten feet in diameter is pierced at the bottom by a four-inch hole, which is cased to the bottom. The pump, which is of the ordinary lifting variety, is placed at a depth of sixty-five feet in the well, but the water is usually about on a level with the pump. After lifting the water to the surface, it is discharged through an aerating fountain into the center of a basin or reservoir. From this it is pumped to a stand-tower some distance away. While standing in the reservoir it has been noticed that the sulfur separates from the water and gives it a milky appearance, which is said by the local observers to be more marked before a storm. The odor and taste of hydrogen sulfid are both very apparent in the freshly-drawn water.
| Columbus well (Proc. Kan. Acad. set, vol. X, p. 64) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .1150 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .1551 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0034 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0042 | |
| Lithium (Li) | .0001 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .0001 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0438 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .0607 | |
| Magnesim (Mg) | .0221 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .03368 | |
| Strontium (Sr) | trace | Strontium oxid (SrO) | trace | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0004 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0007 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | trace | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | trace | |
| Manganese (Mn) | .0002 | Manganese oxid (MnO) | .0003 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0355 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0355 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .0144 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .0120 | |
| Thiosulfuric acid ion (S2O3) | .0084 | Thiosulfuric anhydrid (S2O2) | .0072 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0085 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0067 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid | not determined | |||
| Hydrogen sulfid (H2S) | .0110 | |||
| Hydrogen sulfid, 7.27 cc. per liter, or 1.68 cu. in. per gal. Temperature 24° C. (75.2° F.) Analysis by G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard. |
||||
Fort Scott Artesian Well
(Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, vol. VIII, p. 485. Also, Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. IX, pp. 96, 91)
As early as 1884 a well was bored at Fort Scott for the purpose of obtaining gas. The mouth of this well is 840 feet above the level of the sea, as shown by the survey of the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis Railway Company. It is bored on the south branch of Marmaton river, at the foot of a bluff 550 feet from the channel. The mouth of the well is 100 feet lower than the plateau. The bluff appears to consist of limestone, hydraulic cement, coal, fire-clay, and bituminous shales. The diameter of the well is eight inches down to 335 feet, to which point the well was tubed with iron pipe to keep out the surface-water. Below that point the well was bored dry forty-five feet to a depth of 380 feet, at which point the drill struck fourteen inches of gravel, and salt water rose to within eighteen feet of the surface. Boring was then continued to a depth of 510 feet, when water of a different composition was found, which began to flow slowly from the well. At a depth of 621 feet the boring was discontinued and the drill removed.
Since that time the well has flowed a clear, steady stream, said to be over 10,000 gallons per day. The flow is practically continuous, without any gaseous agitation. The pressure of the water is sufficient to raise it in a pipe five feet above the mouth of the well, at which height it remains stationary. For the drill record of the well the author is indebted to Mr. E. F. Ware, at that time secretary of the artesian well company that made the original boring. The drilling record, which is an interesting one, is as follows:
| Total | ||
|---|---|---|
| Wash dirt | 25 feet | 25 feet |
| Clay | 5 feet | 30 feet |
| Soapstone | 15 feet | 45 feet |
| Slate | 3 feet | 48 feet |
| Coal | 2 inches | |
| Soapstone | 15 feet | 63 feet |
| Slate | 2 feet | 65 feet |
| Coal | 2 inches | |
| Soapstone | 17 feet | 82 feet |
| Blue limestone | 3 feet | 85 feet |
| Soapstone | 95 feet | 180 feet |
| Soft sandstone | 5 feet | 185 feet |
| Soapstone | 70 feet | 253 feet |
| Brown sandstone | 25 feet | 280 feet |
| Gray sandstone | 7 feet | 287 feet |
| White sandstone | 25 feet | 312 feet |
| Slate | 12 feet | 324 feet |
| Fire-clay | 4 feet | 328 feet |
| Soapstone and slate | 10 feet | 338 feet |
| Slate and iron pyrites | 5 feet | 343 feet |
| Flint | 23 feet | 366 feet |
| Flint and limestone | 14 feet | 380 feet |
| Crevice | 14 inches | 381 feet |
| Limestone | 4 feet | 385 feet |
| Lime and flint | 75 feet | 460 feet |
| Very hard flint | 5 feet | 465 feet |
| Mixed flint and limestone | 156 feet | 621 feet |
For the last 250 feet the borings were white mixed with gray, the pieces showing frequent specks of iron rust.
The water, which has a slightly sulfurous odor, rises smoothly and steadily in a six-inch tube. This water, as may be seen from the analysis below, may be classed as sulfo-saline, containing borax and lithium as rare ingredients. Comparing this water with that of other wells, we find it to be similar to that of the Blue Lick Spring, of Kentucky, except that the Fort Scott water is more dilute and contains borax as an additional ingredient. As stated above, it is quite probable that the water as analyzed is a mixture of waters from different depths. Fort Scott is easily reached by either the Missouri Pacific, the St. Louis & San Francisco or the Missouri, Kansas & Texas railroads. The composition of the water is as follows:
Fort Scott Artesian Well
(trams per liter.Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .5499 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .7348 | |
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Lithium (Li) | trace | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0695 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .0973 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0354 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0591 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0054 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0070 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .9366 | Chlorin (Cl) | .9366 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .0100 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .0083 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0292 | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | .0262 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0206 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0163 | |
| Organic matter | .0201 | |||
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .1442 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0296 | |||
| Sodium hydrosulfid (NaHS) | .0032 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .2114 | |||
| Total | 1.8713 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 1.3627 | 79.597 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0378 | 2.208 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | trace | trace |
| Sodium hydrosulfid (NaHS) | .0032 | .188 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | trace | trace |
| Lithium chlorid (LiCl) | trace | trace |
| Calcium chlorid (CaCl2) | .0135 | .788 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .0142 | .830 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .2442 | 14.260 |
| Magnesium chlorid (MgCl2) | .1368 | 7.999 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .0052 | .306 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0173 | 1.008 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0163 | .952 |
| Organic matter | .0201 | 1.169 |
| Totals | 1.8713 | 109.305 |
| Free hydrogen sulfid, trace. Free carbon dioxid, trace. Temperature 19.7° C. (67.5° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. W. Walter. |
||
Fort Scott Sulfo-magnesian Well
A well 700 feet deep has been bored a short distance south of the Goodlander hotel, in the city of Fort Scott, and in this well the water rises to within forty feet of the surface. The upper part of the well is cased with eight-inch pipe and the lower part with six inch: The water, which is nearly clear when freshly drawn, is delivered by a steam pump at the rate of twenty gallons per minute. After the water stands for a while a black sediment settles out. This consists essentially of iron hydroxid and sulfid. The odor and taste of hydrogen sulfid are very strong in the freshly-drawn water. The water is extensively used locally, and it is proposed to utilize it in a sanitarium to be built on the lot adjoining the well.
At present the water is used in a temporary sanitarium which has been fitted up in the basement of the Goodlander hotel. Here are the usual facilities for taking mineral baths.
The Goodlander sanitarium has been recently leased by F. C. Oehler, and has been put in charge of T. L. Bishop, a hydropathist.
The Goodlander Hotel and Sanitarium, Fort Scott, Kan.
The most important characteristics of this water are the hydrogen sulfid, the amount of which compares favorably with other sulfur wells and springs; the common salt, which, however, is not present in such an excess as to render the water disagreeable to the taste; the magnesium salts, which have a cathartic action; the presence of a small quantity of borax; and, finally, the alkaline quality of the water, on account of the presence of sodium bicarbonate.
| Fort Scott Sulfo-magnesian Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .5945 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .8198 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0100 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0122 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0763 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .1023 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0357 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0595 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0021 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0027 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0076 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0144 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .9441 | Chlorin (Cl) | .9399 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .0062 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .0052 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0110 | Boric anhydrid (B2O3) | .0102 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0258 | Silica (SiO2) | .0204 | |
| Sulfur (S) | .0203 | Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2908 | |
| Water (H2O) | .0591 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .2120 | |||
| Total | 2.1244 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0147 | .8586 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .2620 | 15.3034 |
| Sodium sulfid (NaHS) | trace | trace |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 1.3536 | 79.0767 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .0113 | .6600 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .0096 | .5607 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .2768 | 16.1678 |
| Calcium chlorid (CaCl2) | .0140 | .8177 |
| Magnesium chlorid (MgCl2) | .1410 | 8.2358 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0066 | .4497 |
| Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0144 | .8411 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0204 | 1.1916 |
| Sulfur (S) | trace | trace |
| Totals | 2.1244 | 124.1631 |
| Temperature 19.5° C. (67° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. |
||
Girard Well
The depth of this well is 980 feet, and from it 3526 gallons per hour are pumped. The water is 175 feet below the surface, so a pump rod extending to a depth of over 200 feet is used. The casing of the well extends down for 200 feet and the water is lifted directly into a tank above the pump-house. In most places this plan of lifting the water directly to the distributing reservoir has not been found so satisfactory as the plan of allowing the water to stand in a storage reservoir for a time, in order to aerate and give off its hydrogen-sulfid gas. The analysis of the water of this well is as follows:
| Girard Well (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XV, pp. 85, 86) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .2686 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .3958 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0932 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .1255 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0342 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0570 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0009 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0022 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .4025 | Chlorin (Cl) | .4025 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .3681 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .3068 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0221 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0175 | |
| Carbonic acid ion (CO3) | .0081 | Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .0510 | |
| Water (H2O) | .0104 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0910 | |||
| Total | 1.2777 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .6632 | 38.7375 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0824 | 4.8130 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0226 | 1.3201 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .0668 | 3.9018 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .2486 | 14.5207 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .1711 | 9.9939 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0055 | .3212 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0175 | 1.0222 |
| Totals | 1.2777 | 74.6304 |
| Temperature 23.8° C. (75° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and H. E. Davies. |
||
Moss Springs Well, Geary County
A well drilled in 1883 at Moss Springs, on the property formerly owned by Mr. Haddon, in the southeastern part of Geary county, was reported by Professor Failyer. "The well is eighty feet deep. The owner of the well states that at a depth of about sixty feet a blowing noise was heard in the well, as though a cavity containing compressed gas had been tapped. He does not remember to have observed the odor of hydrogen-sulfid gas at this time. The noise may have been due to the escape of this gas, but it does not seem probable." The well is now owned by R. A. Snedaker, Alta Vista P. O.
| Moss Springs Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .5317 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .7155 | |
| Lithium (Li) | trace | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2008 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | 2812 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1041 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | 1739 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0025 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0033 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0128 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0241 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0137 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0137 | |
| Iodin (I) | trace | Iodin (I) | trace | |
| Sulfuric acid ion(SO4) | .7710 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .6412 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | trace | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2O5) | trace | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | trace | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0107 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0150 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .0188 | |||
| Hydrogen sulfid (H2S) | .0337 | |||
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer. | ||||
Sulfur Well, Greenwood County
This is about eleven miles northwest of Madison. The sulfur is said to deposit from the water when it is allowed to stand.
In the vicinity of Madison, and also in Lyon county, in the valley of the Verdigris, there are a number of wells containing saline waters.
| Sulfur Well, Madison Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 1.3604 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 1.8391 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .1661 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .2329 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0016 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0027 | |
| Iron and aluminum (Fe and Al) | trace | Iron and aluminum oxids (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) | trace | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .5442 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .4525 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 1.9163 | Chlorin (Cl) | 1.9163 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0236 | Silica and insol. residue (SiO2) | .0186 | |
| Carbon dioxid (CO2) | considerable | |||
| Carbon dioxid combined | .1063 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0143 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .4336 | |||
| Total | 4.1491 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 3.1625 | 184.7216 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .3648 | 21.3079 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4 | .4199 | 24.5693 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .1735 | 10.1202 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .0098 | .5435 |
| Silica and insoluble residue | .0186 | 1.0864 |
| Totals | 4.1491 | 242.3489 |
| Analysis by F. W. Bushong. | ||
Pittsburg Well
The well supplying the city of Pittsburg with water is not far from the main street and near the principal hotel, in the northern part of the town. There is a reservoir 130 feet below the surface into which the well discharges, and from this the water is pumped to an aerating basin on the surface. The water is allowed to stand here for some time and then it is pumped to an elevated tank, from which it is distributed. The temperature of the water is 18.3° C. (65° F.) A partial analysis of this water shows it to contain about the same constituents as the other deep wells in this section of the state. There is the usual amount of hydrogen sulfid, which causes a deposit of sulfur in the reservoir when the water is allowed to stand for some time.
Wakefield Sulfur Well
This well is situated on the farm of Dr. Charles Hewitt, on the south side of a bluff which is 100 feet above the bed of the Republican river, at a point in Clay county where the river runs toward the east. The well is 122 feet deep, and ordinarily contains forty feet of water, which can be lowered to twelve feet by vigorous pumping. The well is drilled through rock for at least two-thirds of its depth, and there is a very flinty rock at the bottom. It furnishes an abundance of water from a strong vein, so that an ordinary windmill will supply a continuous stream. The location of the well would indicate a depth of about eighty feet below the river bed.
The water when first drawn has quite a milky appearance, and emits an odor of hydrogen sulfid. It becomes perfectly clear on standing and deposits a small quantity of white sediment. If the water is allowed to stand for several weeks, in a closed vessel, it deposits a black precipitate, which is no doubt iron sulfid, and there is a considerable odor of hydrogen sulfid. Sometimes, however, there is no odor of hydrogen sulfid to be noticed from the freshly-drawn water. This may be on account of its alkaline character. As the analysis shows the presence of large quantities of sulfates, it is evident that something in the water has a reducing action, which results in the production of hydrogen sulfid. This action then takes place to some extent in the rock strata from which the water comes, but more readily at a higher temperature in a closed vessel, after being drawn.
| Wakefield Sulfur Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .1667 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .2240 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .3893 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .5449 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1050 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1743 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0252 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0325 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0281 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0530 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0382 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0382 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .7200 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .6002 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .8271 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .6546 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .8881 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1814 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0086 | |||
| Total | 3.3826 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0630 | 3.680 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .4364 | 25.490 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .6034 | 35.244 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .8582 | 50.127 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .6336 | 37.010 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0804 | 4.695 |
| Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .9530 | 3.096 |
| Silica and insoluble residue (SiO2) | .6546 | 38.240 |
| Totals | 3.3826 | 197.582 |
| Free hydrogen sulfid gas. Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and B. F. Porter. |
||
Comparison of Similar Waters
Grains per gallon.
Greenbrier, White Sulfur Springs, Virginia
This is one of the most-noted sulfur springs in the world.
| Analysis by A. A. Hayes | |
|---|---|
| Calcium carbonate | 7.07 |
| Calcium sulfate | 78.35 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 1.00 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 35.42 |
| Silicates | 3.46 |
| Organic matter | 4.36 |
| Total | 129.66 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas | 11.28 cubic inches |
| Hydrogen sulfid gas | .24 cubic inches |
| Oxygen | .48 cubic inches |
| Nitrogen | 4.64 cubic inches |
| Temperature, 62° F. Flow, 1800 gallons per hour. |
|
Colusa County, California, Wilbur Springs
| Analysis by Winslow Anderson | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 19.75 |
| Sodium carbonate | 3.40 |
| Sodium sulfate | 26.19 |
| Potassium chlorid | .46 |
| Potassium iodid | .75 |
| Calcium carbonate | 8.44 |
| Calcium sulfate | 20.62 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 5.10 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 22.90 |
| Ferrous sulfate | 4.16 |
| Alumina | 3.93 |
| Silicates | 6.95 |
| Organic matter | 1.74 |
| Total | 124.39 |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas | 43.97 cubic inches |
Alpena, Mich., Alpena Magnetic Well
| Analysis by Professor Edwards | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 243.89 |
| Sodium carbonate | 1.67 |
| Sodium sulfid | 28.05 |
| Calcium sulfid | 182.56 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 78.22 |
| Total | 534.39 |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas | 7.38 cubic inches |
Sharon Springs, N. Y., White Sulfur Spring
| Analysis by Lawrence Reid | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 2.70 |
| Magnesium chlorid | |
| Calcium sulfid | 3.00 |
| Magnesium sulfid | |
| Calcium sulfate | 85.40 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate | 24.00 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 34.00 |
| Total | 149.10 |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas | 20.50 cubic inches |
Sandwich Springs, Ontario, Canada
| Analysis by S. P. Duffield | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | .560 |
| Sodium carbonate | 48.560 |
| Calcium chlorid | .056 |
| Calcium carbonate | 38.504 |
| Calcium sulfate | 123.832 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 153.760 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 12.944 |
| Silica | .112 |
| Total | 378.328 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas | 10.00 cubic inches |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas | 37.76 cubic inches |
| Nitrogen gas | .72 cubic inches |
Aix-les-Bains, France, Sulfur Spring
| Analysis by Bonjeau | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | .466 |
| Sodium sulfate | 5.608 |
| Calcium carbonate | 8.672 |
| Calcium sulfate | .936 |
| Calcium phosphate | .136 |
| Calcium fluorid | |
| Aluminum phosphate | |
| Magnesium chlorid | 1.000 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 1.504 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 2.056 |
| Ferrous carbonate | .512 |
| Aluminum sulfate | 3.200 |
| Silica | .288 |
| Loss | .696 |
| Total | 25.074 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas | 3.12 cubic inches |
| Hydrogen sulfid gas | 6.56 cubic inches |
| Nitrogen | 152.32 cubic inches |
| Temperature | 108-110° F. |
Nenndorf, Hesse, Germany, Trinkquelle
| Analysis by Bunsen | |
|---|---|
| Sodium sulfate | 36.392 |
| Potassium sulfate | 2.712 |
| Calcium carbonate | 27.048 |
| Calcium sulfate | 64.968 |
| Calcium sulfid | 4.440 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 14.808 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 18.544 |
| Silica | 1.296 |
| Total | 170.208 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas | 42.00 Cubic inches |
| Hydrogen-sulfid gas | 10.64 Cubic inches |
| Carbureted hydrogen | .40 Cubic inches |
| Nitrogen | 4.88 Cubic inches |
Harrowgate, England, Old Sulfur Well
| Analysis by A. W. Hoffman | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 688.144 |
| Sodium iodid | trace |
| Sodium bromid | trace |
| Sodium sulfid | 12.384 |
| Potassium chlorid | 43.760 |
| Calcium chlorid | 65.392 |
| Calcium carbonate | 9.896 |
| Calcium sulfate | .104 |
| Calcium fluorid | trace |
| Magnesium chlorid | 44.552 |
| Ferrous carbonate | trace |
| Manganese carbonate | trace |
| Ammonia | trace |
| Silica | .200 |
| Total | 864.432 |
| Gases | Cubic inches |
|---|---|
| Carbon dioxid | 17.600 |
| Hydrogen sulfid | 4.248 |
| Nitrogen | 2.328 |
| Marsh gas | 4.672 |
A Comparison of Some of the Most Important Constituents of the Sulfid Group
The comparison of these waters shows that there is very little analogy between them. They are simply waters of various classes that contain hydrogen-sulfid gas, hydrosulfids, sulfids, or hyposulfites. The amount of mineral matter varies between wide limits, as the analyses quoted show; that of Aix-les-Bains contains only twenty-five grains per gallon, while the Harrowgate water contains 864 grains. Chlorids are usually found, and sulfates are not wanting in any of the waters discussed. Indeed, sulfates would always be looked for in these waters, as the sulfate ion is produced by the oxidation of the sulfur ion. The only exception to this would be in waters that contained barium and strontium, as does the Geyser well at Rosedale; here the sulfid may have oxidized and precipitated a part of the barium and strontium as sulfates. Magnesium and calcium are also generally present, but the carbonate ion is not usually abundant.
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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed on web April 7, 2017; originally published 1902.
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