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Part II--The Mineral Waters of Kansas, Arranged and Classified, with Analyses, continued
Chapter XIV--The Chlor-Carbonate Group
The waters of group IV, containing an excess of carbonic-acid gas, are not numerous in this section, neither are those containing the chlorids and large quantities of bicarbonates very abundant. The waters have the therapeutic properties of both the chlorids and the "calcic" waters, as they are called by some authors. These waters are largely represented, however, in other sections of the country and abroad. The strong taste of a pure brine, or of a brine containing sulfates, is modified by the presence of the calcium, magnesium, and sodium carbonate, and, in such waters as the Empire spring, at Saratoga Springs, it is modified by the great excess of carbonic-acid gas dissolved in the water.
This group is represented by the following waters:
- Cherryvale well, Montgomery county.
- Iola well, Allen county.
- Miller's well, Norwood, Franklin county.
- Paola well, Miami county.
- Piqua, Woodson county.
- Wyandotte, Wyandotte county, gas well.
- Fort Scott artesian, Bourbon county.
Cherryvale Well, Montgomery County
A sample of water has been received from Dr. M. A. Findley, of Cherryvale, that is of considerable interest. The water is from a well about three miles northwest of the city, near Drum creek. The well is bored, and the water is said to come from a depth of about 120 feet. A partial analysis of the water has been made, with the following result:
| Cherryvale Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .5910 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .7966 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0098 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .0138 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0114 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0190 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0031 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0040 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .5330 | Chlorin (Cl) | .5330 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0148 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0117 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .5328 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1093 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .1210 | |||
| Total | 1.8992 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | .8810 | 51.459 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | .8870 | 51.804 |
| Calcium bicarbonate | .0405 | 2.388 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate | .0690 | 4.024 |
| Iron bicarbonate | .0100 | .584 |
| Silica | .0117 | .684 |
| Totals | 1.8992 | 110.943 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and D. F. McFarland. | ||
The Iola Mineral Well
At Iola, in Allen county, there are a number of gas and mineral wells. This city may be easily reached by either the Missouri Pacific or the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads.
The Ben Acres well antedates all such wells in the state, as it was bored in 1873, while prospecting for coal. With commendable perseverance the managers continued to bore, till they reached a depth of 626 feet, when it was noticed that the drill dropped twenty inches and water and gas were forced up. At 720 feet the drilling was discontinued. The water, which flowed at one time as much as ninety-five barrels a day, comes up intermittently, on account of the pressure of the gas. It is interesting to notice that within a few hundred rods of this well are some of the best gas wells of the state, and these early prospectors came very near making the discovery that has recently placed Iola among the first of the gas towns, and has brought to the city so many smelters, brick plants, cement works, and other manufacturing industries.
Plate 29--Hotel and Cottages, Iola.
Plate 29--Water-works Plant, Cherokee.
Even in these early days the flow of gas from this well was noticed, and it was estimated that 5000 cubic feet was given off daily. At the present day wells in the vicinity yield gas at a pressure of 350 pounds to the square inch, from a depth of from 800 to 900 feet, and the yield from a single well is estimated at seven million cubic feet per day. Formerly considerable use was made of the water of the Iola well, and much was shipped elsewhere. Its use was especially recommended for bathing, and a commodious bath-house, with pumps and an arrangement for heating the water, was erected. The large building of Mr. Acres was used as a hotel and two cottages were occupied by boarders. The analysis of the water was made in 1876 by the late Prof. W. R. Kedzie, then of Kansas Agricultural College (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. VI, pp. 58-61). The temperature was 61° F. Its specific gravity was 1.0138.
Professor Patrick reports a small quantity of sodium sulfate, while the former analyst finds none. The amount of sodium bromid is reported as .04 grams per liter. The presence of the bromids and iodids in deep wells in this state is at present known to be not unusual. Brine flows from many of the gas wells that have been more recently bored in this county.
| Iola Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .6580 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 8.8804 | |
| Potassium (K) | .1921 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .2313 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2565 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3591 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1035 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1722 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0212 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0271 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 10.3211 | Chlorin (Cl) | 10.3211 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0113 | Silica (SiO2) | .0103 | |
| Suspended matter | .0428 | |||
| Organic matter | .0342 | |||
| Carbon dioxid | 1.0530 | |||
| Water of combination | .1913 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 2.4894 | |||
| Total | 18.8334 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 16.6325 | 971.506 |
| Sodium bromid (NaBr) | abundant | abundant |
| Sodium iodid (NaI) | trace | trace |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .1396 | 8.158 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .3066 | 17.909 |
| Magnesium chlorid (MgCl) | .1250 | 7.305 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .4363 | 25.485 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | 1.0389 | 60.687 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0672 | 3.929 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0103 | .602 |
| Suspended matter | .0428 | 2.500 |
| Organic matter | .0342 | 2.000 |
| Totals | 18.8334 | 1100.081 |
| Analysis by W. R. Kedzie. | ||
Miller's Well, Norwood, Franklin County
This well is situated on the farm of George Miller, two miles west and one mile north of Norwood station, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. It is on high ground, and was bored almost entirely in shale. The depth is 250 feet.
The well was dug for fifty-three feet, and then a boring was made, and cased with six-inch galvanized-iron pipe. When the water was struck it rose to the height of 125 feet in the tube. The capacity of the well is at least twenty barrels per day, and the water is raised by means of a windmill. The water does not seem to disagree with stock, although there is enough salt in it to give it a strong saline taste. The temperature is about 60° F. No attempt has been made to place the water upon the market, but it has a local reputation as a cathartic.
| Miller's Well, Norwood Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 5.3881 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 7.2616 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2360 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3298 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0996 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1661 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0048 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0062 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 8.2671 | Chlorin (Cl) | 8.2671 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .0034 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .0026 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0111 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0088 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .9082 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1867 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 1.8660 | |||
| Total | 15.2711 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 13.6630 | 798.0558 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0242 | 1.4135 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .0040 | .2336 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .9500 | 55.4895 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .6060 | 35.3964 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0151 | .8819 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0088 | .5140 |
| Totals | 15.2711 | 891.9847 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas abundant. Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and F. B. Porter. |
||
Paola, Miami County
On the farm of Joe Schafges, four miles southeast of Paola, is a bored well ninety feet deep. This does not yield natural gas. The water gives upon evaporation 406 grains of solid matter per gallon. Of this, 292 grains is common salt. The rest of the material is calcium and magnesium carbonates, with probably considerable sodium carbonate. This water is recommended as of excellent medicinal quality by local physicians.
Piqua Brine Well, Woodson County
This well is situated on a farm one mile west and threefourths of a mile north of Piqua. It is 171 feet deep, and the water rises to within seventy feet of the surface. When the well was drilled for a time considerable gas escaped with the water. As this drilling was done in 1883, before the Iola gas field was known, the presence of oil and gas with the brine at this locality created considerable excitement. This is about eight miles from the Iola gas field. The water has the following composition:
| Piqua Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 4.5403 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 6.1194 | |
| Potassium (K) | .1699 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .2049 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .1730 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .2414 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1086 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1812 | |
| Iron (Fe) | trace | Iron oxid (FeO) | trace | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 7.1270 | Chlorin (Cl) | 7.1270 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .0824 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .0686 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | trace | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | trace | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .7222 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1477 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 1.6105 | |||
| Total | 13.2019 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 11.5026 | 671.8668 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0368 | 2.1494 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .3242 | 18.9365 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .6985 | 40.7993 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .1029 | 6.0103 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .5369 | 31.3603 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | trace | trace |
| Silica (SiO2) | trace | trace |
| Totals | 13.2019 | 771.1226 |
| Specific gravity 1.01 Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. |
||
Wyandotte Gas Well
In 1885 a well was bored at Wyandotte (now Kansas City), Kan., with a hope of finding oil or gas. Some oil and gas were obtained, and for several years the gas was used as fuel for a planing-mill near by. The oil has also been examined (Quarterly Report Kansas State Board of Agriculture, December 31, 1885). The water from this well does not contain as much salt as the bromo-magnesium well at Independence, still it is a strong brine. The depth of the well is 350 feet.
| Wyandotte Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 10.127 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 13.651 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .707 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .562 | |
| Magnesi um (Mg) | .244 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .407 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .008 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .011 | |
| Cblorin (Cl) | 16.254 | Chlorin (Cl) | 16.254 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .006 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .005 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .012 | Silica (SiO2) | .010 | |
| Organic matter | .210 | |||
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 1.036 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .212 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 3.585 | |||
| Total | 28.700 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 25.761 | 1504.758 |
| Calcium chlorid (CaCl2) | .962 | 56.190 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .009 | .525 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .236 | 13.780 |
| Magnesium carbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 1.485 | 86.738 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .027 | 1.577 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .010 | .584 |
| Organic matter by difference | .210 | 12.225 |
| Totals | 28.700 | 1676.377 |
| Analysis by E. C. Franklin. | ||
This water also contained traces of bromin and potassium.
Comparison of Similar Waters
The chlor-carbonate group is well represented by many famous waters both in this country and abroad. Some contain only small quantities of mineral matter, while others are heavily mineralized. On account of the abundance of free carbon dioxid which they contain, they are usually clear, sparkling, effervescent, and agreeable to the taste, especially at a comparatively low temperature. Some typical waters are:
Putah, Lake County, Cal., Howard Springs, Excelsior Spring
| Grains per gallon Analysis by W. T. Wenzell |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 101.67 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 34.10 |
| Potassium chlorid | 1.13 |
| Lithium chlorid | 8.35 |
| Calcium bicarbonate | 6.30 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate | 2.81 |
| Iron bicarbonate | 1.85 |
| Alumina | .03 |
| Silica | 13.10 |
| Organic matter | .14 |
| Total | 169.48 |
| Free carbon dioxid, 131 cubic inches. | |
Saratoga, N. Y., Hathorn Spring
| Grains per gallon Analysis by C. F. Chandler |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 509.968 |
| Sodium bromid | 1.534 |
| Sodium iodid | .198 |
| Sodium phosphate | .006 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 4.288 |
| Potassium chlorid | 9.597 |
| Lithium bicarbonate | 11.417 |
| Calcium bicarbonate | 170.616 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate | 176.463 |
| Barium bicarbonate | 1.737 |
| Ferrous bicarbonate | 1.128 |
| Alumina | .131 |
| Silica | 1.260 |
| Total | 888.403 |
| Carbon dioxid, 575.747 cubic inches. | |
Ems on the Lahn, Germany, Kesselbrunnen
| Grains per gallon Analysis by Fresenius |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 62.161 |
| Sodium carbonate | 80.303 |
| Sodium sulfate | .049 |
| Potassium sulfate | 3.149 |
| Calcium carbonate | 10.073 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 6.808 |
| Strontium and barium carbonates | .024 |
| Ferrous carbonate | .162 |
| Manganese carbonate | .028 |
| Aluminum phosphate | .077 |
| Silica | 2.918 |
| Total | 165.755 |
| Carbon dioxid, 51.301 cubic inches. | |
Nassau, Germany, Selters (Seltzer)
| Grains per gallon Analysis by Hastner |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 137.82 |
| Sodium carbonate | 54.224 |
| Sodium sulfate | 2.088 |
| Sodium phosphate | .002 |
| Potassium chlorid | 2.312 |
| Calcium sulfate | 2.088 |
| Calcium carbonate | 14.816 |
| Calcium fluorid | .013 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 12.128 |
| Manganese carbonate | .016 |
| Ferrous carbonate | .632 |
| Aluminum phosphate | .003 |
| Silica | 2.000 |
| Total | 228.148 |
A Comparison of some of the Most Important Constituents of the Chlor-Carbonate Group
| Grains per gallon | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Solids | Sodium chlorid |
Sodium bicarbonate |
Calcium bicarbonate |
Magnesium bicarbonate |
|
| Cherryvale | 111 | 51 | 52 | 2 | 4 | |
| Iola | 1100 | 971 | 8 | 60 | 25 | |
| Miller | 891 | 798 | 1 | 55 | 35 | |
| Piqua | 771 | 671 | 2 | 40 | 31 | |
| Wyandotte | 1676 | 1504 | 13 | 86 | ||
| Fort Scott | 109 | 79 | 14 | trace | ||
| Putah, Cal. | 169 | 101 | 34 | 6 | 3 | |
| Hathorn, Saratoga | 888 | 509 | 4 | 170 | 176 | |
| Ems, Germany | 165 | * 62 | * 80 | 10 | 6 | |
| Nassau, Germany | 228 | * 137 | * 54. | * 14 | * 12 | |
| * Carbonate | ||||||
As in the previous group, here, also, the sodium carbonate is small, and the free carbon dioxid is not abundant. On this account it is not easy to find waters that are similar to the Kansas waters. The Kansas waters contain common salt, with calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, while waters like Hathorn contain the same ingredients, but the water is surcharged with carbon-dioxid gas.
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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed on web April 7, 2017; originally published 1902.
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