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Part II--The Mineral Waters of Kansas, Arranged and Classified, with Analyses, continued
Chapter XI--The Sulfate Group
The sulfates are extremely common in mineral waters. Under the familiar name of "salts" or "Epsom salts" we have magnesium sulfate, and under the name of "Glauber's salts" we have sodium sulfate. Calcium sulfate, which is soluble in water to the extent of 1 part in 380 parts of cold water, is also often found, as is a small quantity of potassium sulfate, a substance much like sodium sulfate in its properties.
These are often called "purgative waters," on account of their marked action on the bowels, and as they are, if concentrated, of a bitter-sweet taste, they are also called "bitter waters." The name Epsom is derived from the name of the purging well at Epsom or Ebbesham, near London, once a very popular water.
In regard to water of this class, Doctor Schweitzer says (Missouri Geological Survey. vol. III, p. 5): "Dolomitic limestones and limestones containing gypsum produce the Epsom and Glauber's salt springs; magnesium sulfate and calcium carbonate resulting from their interaction, the former of which is very soluble and constitutes the main ingredient of the Epsom salt springs or wells. Such waters are nearly all obtained from wells or shafts, sometimes only ten or twenty feet deep. They contain, in addition, variable amounts of other sulfates but rarely chlorids or carbonates. If the limestone above mentioned were associated with marls rich in alkalies, or with other rocks containing alkaline carbonates or silicates, the conditions are given for the formation of Glauber's salt springs. These may be alkaline or neutral, as sodium carbonate or magnesium sulfate happens to be in excess. They are usually of more varied composition than are the Epsom salt wells."
Kansas is particularly rich in waters of this class; some of them are heavily loaded with mineral constituents, especially sodium and magnesium sulfate, and there is another class having relatively larger quantities of calcium sulfate. While the former are nearly all from wells, the calcium-sulfate waters are frequently derived from springs.
This group is represented by the following waters:
- Abilena, Dickinson county.
- Ball's well, Cherokee county.
- Blasing's artesian wells, Riley county.
- Burr Oak, Jewell county.
- Capioma, Nemaha county.
- Cave Springs, Cherokee county.
- Carbondale, Osage county.
- Centralia, Nemaha county.
- Chico Springs, Cherokee county.
- Conway, McPherson county.
- Council Grove, Morris county.
- Fagan, Graham county.
- Marion, Marion county, lower vein.
- Marion (Chingawassa Springs), Marion county.
- Madison, Greenwood county, magnesium well.
- Neuchatel, Nemaha county.
- Parsons, Labette county.
- Stotler, Lyon county.
- Sun Springs, Brown county, Nos. 2, 3, and 4.
- Sycamore Springs, Brown county, Nos. 1 and 2.
- Victoria, Ellis county.
- Walton, Harvey county.
- White Rock, Jewell county.
- Williamsburg, Franklin county.
Abilena Wells, Abilene, Dickinson County
In the summer of 1897 a well was drilled on a ridge of high land in the northeast quarter of section 4, township 12, range 1 east, in Dickinson county, about fourteen miles northwest of Abilene. This well was drilled for stock purposes by Mr. M. P. Jolley, agent for the Travelers' Insurance Company. It is ninety-five feet in depth, and passes through a hard rock, into various formations of interesting character. The yield from this one well is said to be about six barrels per day. The water is clear when pumped, and if exposed to cold deposits beautiful crystals. The temperature varies somewhat, as at one time it was 12.2° C. (54° F.), while at another it was 19° C. (66° F.) There is a six-inch casing nearly to the bottom of the well, and the water is raised by an ordinary lift-pump. Two other wells were bored in the summer of 1901; No. 2 having a depth of 120 feet, and No. 3 having a depth of 85 feet. The water in No. 2 had the greatest specific gravity, No. 1 next, and the water of No. 3 was the weakest. Thus it is seen that the deepest well yields the strongest water. Later No. 1 and No. 3 were put down to a depth of 130 feet, and three other wells were drilled to the same depth; so all are now said to produce water of a uniform strength. In addition to these, a dug well, six feet in diameter, has been put down within ten feet of No. 2 to a depth of 120 feet, and is seventeen feet across at the bottom, thus furnishing great storage capacity. These wells and other improvements are the result of the purchase of the property in 1900 by the Abilena Company. The water was put upon the market by the company under the name of "Abilena." The water is hauled from the wells to the bottling plant in Abilene. The only treatment it receives is a careful filtration through sand and charcoal, to remove a small quantity of suspended matter. In order to be supplied with the best modern equipment and increased storage facilities, the company is now erecting a large bottling plant and warehouses on property recently bought for that purpose.
| Abilena Wells Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 22.6112 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 30.4734 | |
| Potassium (K) | .7998 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .9714 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4980 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6993 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .2997 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .4995 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0032 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0040 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .3565 | Chlorin (Cl) | .3565 | |
| Nitrate ion (NO3) | .0040 | Nitric anhydrid (N2O5) | .0034 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 49.2302 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 41.0259 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0199 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0157 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .7594 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1557 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0805 | |||
| Total | 74.8837 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .5883 | 34.3626 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 68.7473 | 4015.5297 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (Na4HCO3) | .3548 | 20.7238 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | 1.7970 | 104.9627 |
| Potassium nitrate (KNO3) | .0054 | .3738 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .8178 | 47.7677 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | 1.0479 | 61.2079 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.4985 | 87.5274 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0100 | .5842 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0157 | .9171 |
| Totals | 74.8837 | 4373.9569 |
| Specific gravity 1.065, at 15.5° C., Temperature 12.2° C. (54° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. |
||
Baxter Springs Mineral Well
There is a well on the farm of A. T. Ball, one mile north of the town and one-half mile west of Spring river. The well is 37 feet deep, usually contains 15 feet of water, and is not greatly affected by surface-water. There is a great diversity in the character of the water of different wells in this vicinity, on account of the peculiar arrangement of the strata; indeed, in some cases, it is necessary to drill to a depth of 400 feet to obtain a permanent supply of water.
A qualitative analysis shows that the water contains sodium chlorid, calcium sulfate, iron and aluminum, magnesium sulfate, and a trace of potassium nitrate. It is evidently a cathartic water.
Blasing's Artesian Mineral Wells, near Manhattan
These wells are situated in Zeandale township, ten miles southeast of Manhattan, in a well-wooded, rolling country. They were discovered in 1883 by William Blasing, while prospecting for coal or other "mineral." "The location of these wells is in the fork of two creeks, bordered with a belt of timber in the shape of a horseshoe. An oval hill rises within this belt of timber, and at the foot of this hill is well No. 1 (120 feet deep), on the south side, and well No. 2 (180 feet deep), on the north side, ten feet above the level of the bottom land. At the foot of the hill is a stone-quarry, and there is a farmhouse and hotel midway between the two wells." The water flows over the top of each of these wells. A single well is said to discharge 800 gallons per hour. The water was formerly delivered to customers in Manhattan, and also shipped from that point. The residue remaining after the water is evaporated was also sold under the name of "mineral." In connection with the wells there is a hotel containing bath-rooms, with hot and cold water, and arrangements for steam- and shower-baths. These wells may be reached by carriage from Zeandale on the C. R. I. & P., and from Manhattan on the C. R. I. & P. and the U. P. R. R.
| Blasing's Mineral Wells (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. IX, pp. 114, 115) No. 1 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0066 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0089 | |
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Lithium (Li) | trace | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4736 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6626 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0581 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0969 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0024 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0032 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0251 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0251 | |
| Bromin (Br) | trace | Bromin (Br) | trace | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.2680 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.0558 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .2191 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .1731 | |
| Total | 2.0256 | |||
| No. 1 Grams per liter |
||||
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0110 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0148 | |
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2552 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3561 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0678 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1130 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0032 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0042 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0308 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0308 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .6810 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .5679 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0041 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0032 | |
| Total | 1.0900 | |||
| Analyses by G. H. Failyer. | ||||
Burr Oak, Jewell County
A well at Burr Oak is reported as having the following composition (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. IX, p. 100):
Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .3170 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .4270 | |
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Lithium (Li) | .0008 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .0017 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4623 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6479 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .3748 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .6250 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0144 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0185 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0623 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .1175 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .1051 | Chlorin (Cl) | .1051 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 2.9407 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.2620 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | trace | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2)O6) | trace | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | trace | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .1117 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0883 | |
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer and C. M. Breese. | ||||
Capioma Magnesium Well
Near Capioma, Nemaha county, seven miles due south of Sabetha, on the farm of Philip Hackett, is a drilled well 130 feet deep. The first ninety feet was drilled in 1896, and the last forty feet in 1900. The well has a six-inch iron casing. On account of the peculiar taste, the attention of the owner was called to the water, and the analysis showed it to be a strong magnesium water, containing sodium sulfate. Sabetha is on the C. R. I. & P. railway and the St. Joseph & Grand Island railroad.
| Capioma Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .4211 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .5698 | |
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .5420 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .7576 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .2195 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .3655 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0011 | Iron acid (FeO) | .0014 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0055 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0103 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .3243 | Chlorin (Cl) | .3243 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 2.3500 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.9577 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0216 | Silica (SiO2) | .0170 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2551 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0504 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0732 | |||
| Total | 4.2259 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .5344 | 31.2143 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaH2(CO3)2) | .0252 | 1.4719 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .6342 | 37.0436 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.4780 | 86.3300 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .4270 | 24.9411 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.0965 | 61.0466 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0033 | .1928 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0103 | .6016 |
| Silca (SiO2) | .0170 | .9929 |
| Totals | 4.2259 | 246.8348 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. | ||
Carbondale Mineral Springs
In the vicinity of Carbondale, Osage county, and in the town there are a number of springs and wells strongly impregnated with mineral matter, and in many places this saline water is found by boring from 75 to 100 feet. The surface-water seems to be comparatively free from mineral salts, but if this is shut out by carefully casing a well, an abundant supply of mineral water is obtained. Numerous wells and springs are found on the western slope of the hill east of the city of Carbondale. Along the crest of this hill, at some distance east, there are many openings and "stripping banks," where coal has been mined for the last twenty-five years, but on account of the comparatively thin veins of coal it has not been found profitable to sink many shafts. The waters of Carbondale do not appear to be in any sense mine waters, although they are found below where the coal is mined, and at some distance away.
Carbondale is on the main line of the A. T. & S. F. railway. North of the city about a mile and a half, on the direct road to Topeka, is the locality where the greatest improvements have been made. To the west of this road, upon a plateau slightly elevated above the valley to the south, a well about forty feet deep was sunk several years ago, and an inexhaustible supply of mineral water was obtained. Practically no improvements have been made in this property, although the water has been extensively used and also shipped abroad.
| Carbondale Spring Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Ammonium (NH4) | trace | Ammonia (NH3) | trace | |
| Potassium (K) | .0080 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0097 | |
| Sodium (Na) | .7228 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .9863 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0801 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .1121 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0625 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0443 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0004 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0005 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0051 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0096 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .7946 | Chlorin (Cl) | .7946 | |
| Bromin (Br) | .0009 | Bromin (Br) | .0009 | |
| Iodin (I) | .0005 | Iodin (I) | .0005 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .4650 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .3873 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | .0001 | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2O5) | .0001 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0098 | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | .0089 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0065 | Silica (SiO2) | .0051 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2638 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0542 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .1792 | |||
| Total | 2.4983 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4) | trace | trace |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .0179 | 1.0455 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .6442 | 37.6277 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 1.3094 | 76.4820 |
| Sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) | .0001 | .0058 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0156 | .9112 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0128 | .7476 |
| Sodium iodid (NaI) | .0006 | .0354 |
| Sodium bromid (NaBr) | .0012 | .0700 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .0281 | 1.6413 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .2908 | 16.9856 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .1617 | 9.4448 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0012 | .0701 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0096 | .5607 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0051 | .2979 |
| Totals | 2.4983 | 145.9257 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. | ||
Centralia Gypsum Well
There is a well two and one-half miles north of Centralia, in Nemaha county, that has attracted considerable attention on account of the amount of gypsum that the water contains. It is on the farm of A. Oberndorf, and is 125 feet deep. There is evidently quite a body of this mineral below the surface here.
| Centralia Well (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XII, p. 89) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0315 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0424 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0250 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0302 | |
| Ammonium (NH4) | .0014 | Ammonium (NH4) | .0014 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4940 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6921 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1567 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .2618 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0037 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0070 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0028 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0036 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0360 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0360 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.9506 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3)) | 1.6255 | |
| Nitrous acid ion (NO2) | .0064 | Nitrous anhydrid (N2O3) | .0045 | |
| Nitric acid ion (NO3) | .0141 | Nitric anhydrid (N2O5) | .0091 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | .0627 | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2O5) | .0468 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0300 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0250 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .6341 | |||
| Total | 3.4196 | |||
| Analysis by E. B. Knerr. | ||||
Conway, McPherson County
The water of a well at Conway has the following composition (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XI, p. 110):
| Conway, McPherson County Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0386 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0320 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0192 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0231 | |
| Lithium (Li) | trace | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | trace | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .5215 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .7308 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0947 | Maguesium oxid (MgO) | .1579 | |
| Iron (Fe) | trace | Iron oxid (FeO) | trace | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0551 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0104 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0595 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0595 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.6546 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.3785 | |
| Boric acid ion (BO4) | trace | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0181 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0143 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | none | |||
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer and C. M. Breese. | ||||
Council Grove Magnesium Well
This well is on the property of A. W. Simcock, four and one-half miles from the town of Council Grove and 100 yards from a running creek. It is twenty-five feet deep and ordinarily contains about eight feet of water. Council Grove is at the junction of the M. K. & T. and Mo. Pac. railroads. The water has been used locally with considerable success.
The partial analysis is as follows:
| Council Grove (Partial Analysis) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0061 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0082 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4375 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6690 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .2931 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .4890 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0157 | Iron oxid (Fe2O3) | .0225 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | trace | Chlorin (Cl) | trace | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 2.3730 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.9775 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .1868 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .1475 | |
| Total | 3.3137 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0187 | 1.092 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.6245 | 94.887 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.4670 | 85.687 |
| Ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) | .0560 | 3.271 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .1475 | 8.615 |
| Totals | 3.3137 | 193.552 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and H. P. Cady. | ||
Fagan, Graham County
The water of a well at Fagan has the following composition:
| Grams per liter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0333 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0449 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .1537 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .2154 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0190 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0317 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0001 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0068 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0512 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0512 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .2691 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .2241 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0321 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0253 | |
| Organic matter | .0080 | |||
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .1668 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0343 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0116 | |||
| Total | .7969 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0846 | 4.935 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .2751 | 16.073 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaHz(COs)z) | .2918 | 17.055 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .0953 | 5.554 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(COs)z) | .0168 | .983 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0253 | 1.479 |
| Organic matter | .0080 | .466 |
| Totals | .7969 | 46.545 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin. | ||
Plate 17--Chingawassa Springs
Plate 17--View on Clear Creek, Chingawassa Park.
Chingawassa Springs, Marion County
These springs are situated in a beautiful park about six miles north of Marion. This park is near Antelope station, on the C. R. I. & P. railway, and within a radius of a quarter of a mile there are at least thirty springs, but most of them are fresh water. The water bubbles out of the bluffs in such quantities that a stream of no mean proportions takes its rise from this point. There are no less than four of these springs strongly impregnated with mineral matter.
Improvements
In 1888 extensive improvements were made here, and a dummy line was built from Marion to the hotel at the springs. The plan of the promoters of the railroad also called for branches extending in several directions to the extensive limestone quarries in the vicinity. The citizens who had assisted in this enterprise found, however, that the developments that they had made were ahead of the times, and the park is at present used only as a picnic ground, and the improvements have been sold. The springs, however, are as numerous as ever, and the flow of water is not affected by local booms.
In this park there are grouped some of the finest springs in the state. The present owner is Doctor Rogers, of Marion. Samples of the various waters were taken by the author personally, and the result of the analysis of two of the most important springs is given below. From the north spring an inch and a half stream is constantly flowing, and from the south spring the flow is estimated at 1500 gallons per hour. On the bottom and sides of several of these springs may be seen a white deposit of sulfur, and in others the odor of hydrogen sulfid is quite apparent. A neat pavilion was formerly built over the north spring, and the water was conducted by pipes into the stream which runs in the vicinity.
| Chingawassa Springs (North Spring) (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XII, p. 27) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0374 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0505 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0039 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0048 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0785 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .8422 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0007 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1308 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0280 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0009 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.5244 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0280 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0215 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.2704 | |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0162 | |||
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2320 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0463 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0063 | |||
| Total | 2.6158 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0461 | 2.6920 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0538 | 3.1427 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | trace | trace |
| Sodium hydrosulfate (NaHS) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.6698 | 97.5369 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .4263 | 24.9043 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .0083 | .4907 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .3923 | 22.9183 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0030 | .1752 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0162 | .9464 |
| Totals | 2.6158 | 152.8065 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas, considerable. Hydrogen-sulfid gas, a trace. Temperature 14° C. (57.2° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin. |
||
South spring has similar composition:
| Total solids 153.748 grains per gallon. |
| Temperature 14° C. (57.4° F.) |
| Flow, gallons per minute 25 |
Madison Magnesium Well
The water of a well about thirty feet deep, on the farm of Mr. A. Girard, of Madison, Kan., has the following composition (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XVII, p. 53.):
| Abilene Artesian Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .5502 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .7414 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4081 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .5712 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .3845 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .6403 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0092 | Iron and aluminum oxids (Al2O3 and Fe2O3) | .0118 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0698 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0698 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.0535 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.5446 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0162 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0128 | |
| Analysis by F. W. Bushong. | ||||
Neuchatel Well
In the extreme southwest part of Nemaha county Neuchatel is situated. On the high land about the head waters of the Vermillion, and five miles due north of Onaga, on the property of William Swift, a well was bored in September, 1891. It was carried to a depth of 150 feet, and the water, being examined, was found to be strongly impregnated with salt and other mineral substances. This water yields 167 grains of mineral matter per gallon. This mineral matter consists of sodium chlorid, calcium carbonate, sodium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, silica, iron and aluminum oxids. From the composition, it is evident that the water has excellent cathartic properties.
Parsons Mineral Well
About six miles east of Parsons, in Labette county, an important point on the M. K. & T. and St. L. & S. F. railroads, on the open prairie, is situated a well which was dug to supply stock with water. The mineral character of the water was noticed by the owner, Mr. Angell Mathewson, and an examination of the water was made. The well is thirty feet deep, and, as may be seen by the analysis which follows, the water is remarkable for containing large quantities of nitrates and an excess of magnesium salts. The presence of the nitrates was thought at first to indicate contamination, but from a knowledge of the situation of the well, and the fact that there seemed to be no opportunity for contamination, it is probable that the nitrates are associated with the sulfates normally in the soil and that there is no organic impurity in the water. No improvements have been made here.
| Parsons Mineral Well. (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XII, p. 27) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Potassium (K) | .0061 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0074 | |
| Sodium (Na) | .3304 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .4454 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4938 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6914 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .8112 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | 1.3528 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0005 | Ferrous oxid (FeO) | .0007 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .1404 | Chlorin (Cl) | .1414 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 4.4090 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 3.6742 | |
| Nitric acid ion (NO3) | .0182 | Nitric anhydrid (N2O5) | .0162 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0186 | Silica (SiO2) | .0146 | |
| Organic matter | trace | Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .5199 | |
| Water (H2O) | .1080 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0234 | |||
| Total | 6.9486 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .1138 | .8060 |
| Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) | .0255 | 1.4894 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .7434 | 43.4220 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .2330 | 12.6095 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .9080 | 53.0362 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .9496 | 55.4661 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 4.0584 | 237.0511 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0020 | .1343 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0146 | .8527 |
| Organic matter | trace | trace |
| Totals | 6.9486 | 405.8673 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. | ||
Stotler Well, Lyon County.
The water of a well at Stotler has the following composition (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. X, p. 64):
| Grams per liter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0970 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .1308 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0554 | Potassium (K2O) | .0668 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2133 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .2987 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0560 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0934 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0352 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0453 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0169 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0169 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .9476 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .7897 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | .0006 | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2O5) | .0004 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0420 | Silica (SiO2) | .0332 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid | not determined | |||
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard. | ||||
Sun Springs, Brown County
These springs are located three miles southwest of the town of Morrill, Brown county, on the St. Joseph & Grand Island railway. This is a high, rolling country, and is well watered. These springs are in the valley of Mulberry creek, a stream that runs east and then north, and at last finds its way into the Nemaha.
Plate 18--Hotel at Sun Springs.
Plate 18--Lake near Sun Springs.
Improvements
This property was developed in 1898. The new hotel is just in the edge of the timber, a little to the north of the grove in which the springs are situated. A bath-house has also been erected, with baths for giving hot and cold baths, and a dam thrown across the valley makes a lake, which gives facilities for boating. There are a large number of springs within a radius of an eighth of a mile, and water is found in abundance wherever a small excavation is made in the ground. The soil seems to be peculiar in that it is very springy, and at a short distance below the surface is full of large nodules, consisting of clay and iron minerals.
The principal spring is No. 1, a few rods southwest of the hotel. This is improved by being built up and cemented to a point about three feet above the surface. It is eight feet in diameter and eight feet deep, and a stream nearly filling a six-inch pipe constantly runs away from the spring. The flow is estimated at 5000 gallons per hour. In fact, this seems to be one of the largest springs in the state'. The water boils up through the sand and broken shales at the bottom and is perfectly clear, and sometimes gives off a little hydrogen-sulfid gas.
Spring No. 2 is a short distance southwest of this. It is built up in the same way above the ground, and yields 600 gallons per hour. The flow of gas is. more abundant from this spring than from No. 1.
Spring No. 3 is a short distance east of No. 2. It also has an abundant flow of water. The temperature is 14° C. (57.2° F.) Spring No. 4 is east of the hotel. The water of this spring is used at the bath-house, which is near by.
There are other springs in the vicinity which have been only partially developed. The value of the improvements thus far made is from $2000 to $3000. The present proprietor is F. A. Gue, Hiawatha, R. F. D. No. 3. The analysis of the water of spring No. 1, which was made in 1898, is as follows:
| Sun Springs, No. 1 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0663 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0894 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .5968 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .8356 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0604 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1006 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0017 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0022 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0425 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0425 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.4088 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.1740 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0267 | Silica (SiO2) | .0211 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .3190 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0651 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0095 | |||
| Total | 2.6400 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0701 | 4.0945 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0432 | 2.5233 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0831 | 4.8538 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.9169 | 111.9661 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .1329 | 7.7626 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .3672 | 21.4481 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0055 | .3216 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0211 | 1.2324 |
| Totals | 2.6400 | 154.2024 |
| Temperature 13° C. (55.4° F.) | ||
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and D. F. McFarland. | ||
| Sun Springs, No. 2 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0198 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0267 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .7396 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | 1.0356 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0003 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0007 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0028 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0036 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | . 0248 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0248 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.3830 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.1520 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0228 | Silica (SiO2) | .0180 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .3723 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0759 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0055 | |||
| Total | 2.7041 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chloride (NaCl) | .0408 | 2.3800 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0114 | .6650 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.9419 | 113.2800 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .6814 | 39.7500 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .0018 | .1050 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0088 | .5133 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0180 | 1.0500 |
| Totals | 2.7041 | 157.7433 |
| Temperature 11° C. (52° F.) Analysis by E. B. Knerr. |
||
| Sun Springs, No. 3 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0369 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0498 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0033 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0038 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .6297 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .8816 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0417 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0694 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0018 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0023 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0496 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0496 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.2902 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.0752 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0363 | Silica (SiO2) | .0288 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .3711 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0759 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 0.111 | |||
| Total | 2.5964 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0770 | 4.4976 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0205 | 1.1974 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .0061 | .3563 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.5720 | 91.8205 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .6778 | 39.5903 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .2084 | 12.1726 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0058 | .3388 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0288 | 1.6822 |
| Totals | 2.5964 | 151.6557 |
| Analysis by E. B. Knerr. | ||
| Sun Springs, No. 4 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0601 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0810 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0004 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0004 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .5435 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .7610 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0074 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0123 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0025 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0032 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0496 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0496 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.3775 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.1571 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0258 | Silica (SiO2) | .0204 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .0079 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0016 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0111 | |||
| Total | 2.0834 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0813 | 4.7430 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .0007 | 0406 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0871 | 5.0810 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.8415 | 107.4500 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .0074 | .4625 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .0370 | 2.1585 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0080 | .4667 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0204 | 1.1900 |
| Totals | 2.0834 | 121.5923 |
| Analysis by E. B. Knerr. | ||
Sycamore Springs, Brown County
In Brown county are situated several interesting groups of springs. At Springs post-office, five miles northwest of Morrill, six miles northeast of Sabetha, at the crossing of the St. J. & G. I. and the C. R. I. & P. railroads, and nine miles south of Salem, Neb., are located the Sycamore springs. They are in the valley of the Sycamore, a stream which runs north into the Nemaha river, and in the midst of some of the finest farming land in the state. The valley here is well wooded, many of the trees being large and evidently of great age.
Improvements
The owner and proprietor is E. V. Kauffman, who has expended perhaps $2500 in rendering the springs more convenient of access and in improving the property. There is a frame hotel 24x60, three stories high, with accomodations for twentyfive guests. In this hotel is the post-office, dining-room, bathrooms, with facilities for giving hot and cold baths, sweat baths, etc. There have also been erected two cottages, a refreshment stand, and livery barn, and the grounds have been cleared of underbrush, so that there is a very convenient space for those who prefer living in tents.
Plate 19--Hotel at Sycamore Springs.
Plate 19--Spring and Park, Sycamore Springs.
There are at least four important springs in this group: No. 1, near the hotel, discharges 1000 gallons per hour. No. 2, which discharges into a large tank, is delivered at the hotel. The flow is about 500 gallons per hour. No. 3 is a spring under a part of the hotel building. The water has a temperature of 12° C. (53.5° F.) The flow is about 500 gallons per hour. No. 4 is a smaller spring, which evidently contains considerable iron. The water has a temperature of 12.5° C. (54.5° F.) The composition of the water is as follows:
| Sycamore Springs, No. 1 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0572 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0771 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0018 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0021 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .6044 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .8460 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0576 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0959 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0014 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0018 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0815 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0815 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.3665 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.1388 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0284 | Silica (SiO2) | .0224 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .3005 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0613 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0184 | |||
| Total | 2.6090 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .1317 | 7.6926 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .0034 | .1986 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0168 | .9813 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.5934 | 93.0705 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .5490 | 32.0671 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .2879 | 16.8162 |
| Iron bicarbonate. (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0044 | .2570 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0224 | 1.3083 |
| Totals | 2.6090 | 152.3916 |
| Temperature 12.5° C. (54.5° F.) Analysis by E. B. Knerr. |
||
| Sycamore Springs, No. 2 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0492 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0663 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0027 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0032 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .6239 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .8734 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0556 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0925 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0017 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0021 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0603 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0603 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.4550 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.2125 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0268 | Silica (SiO2) | .0212 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2656 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0542 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0136 | |||
| Total | 2.6377 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .0967 | 5.6482 |
| Potassium chlorid (KCl) | .0051 | .2979 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .0343 | 2.0035 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.7138 | 100.1031 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .4810 | 28.2704 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .2773 | 16.1970 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0053 | .3096 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0212 | 1.2383 |
| Totals | 2.6377 | 154.0680 |
| Temperature 12.5° C. (54.5° F.) Analysis by E. B. Knerr. |
||
Victoria Well, Ellis County
On the Battell farm, near Victoria, is a shallow well, the water of which at first proved distasteful to stock, but to which, after a time, they became accustomed. A partial analysis of this water shows that it contains 120.89 grains of mineral matter per gallon, of which 14.37 grains is common salt. The other constituents are such as to indicate the presence of calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate, with small quantities of carbonates and nitrates.
Walton Well, Harvey County
There is a well on the property of E. W. Slaymaker, which is sunk to a depth of fifty-five feet. There is such an abundant flow of water that continuous pumping produces little effect, only it has been noticed that the temperature of the water becomes lower. This well is on the top of a high hill, within a mile of the divide, the water to the west flowing southwest and to the northeast flowing northeast. As may be seen from the analysis below, this water contains considerable calcium sulfate.
| Walton Well Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci. vol. XV, p. 87 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .0127 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .0141 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .9786 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | 1.3700 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0639 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .1066 | |
| Iron and aluminum (Fe), (Al) | .0228 | Iron and aluminum oxids (FeO and Al2O) | .0294 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0198 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0198 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.1407 | Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0937 | |
| Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .9506 | Silica (SiO2) | .0740 | |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and H. E. Davies. | ||||
White Rock, Jewell County
A spring five miles west of White Rock, Jewell county [Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. X, p. 63]:
Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .1319 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .1778 | |
| Potassium (K) | .1114 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .1343 | |
| Lithium (Li) | .0014 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .0030 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .5578 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .7809 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .4562 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .7601 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0092 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0119 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .0211 | Chlorin (Cl) | .0211 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.1713 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.6428 | |
| Phosphoric acid ion (PO4) | .0003 | Phosphoric anhydrid (P2O5) | .0002 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | trace | Boric anhydrid (B2O3) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0265 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0209 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid | not determined | |||
| Analysis by G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard. | ||||
Williamsburg, Franklin County
The water of a well bored on the property of F. H. Welch, Williamsburg, has the following composition:
| Partial Analysis Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .1565 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .2109 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .9162 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | 1.2820 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .4850 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .8082 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0112 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0124 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .2022 | Chlorin (Cl) | .2022 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 2.9791 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.4826 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0851 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0672 | |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and D. F. McFarland | ||||
Comparison of Similar Waters
Waters of the sulfate group are especially abundant in Kansas, and are of great importance Some waters of this class in other localities are:
Crab Orchard Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky
| Grains per gallon Analysis by R. Peter |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 17.728 |
| Sodium sulfate | 59.072 |
| Potassium sulfate | 9.912 |
| Calcium carbonate | 53.184 |
| Calcium sulfate | 10.792 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 7.640 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 205.280 |
| Silica | 3.264 |
| Loss and moisture | 34.582 |
| Total | 401.454 |
Bedford Springs, Pa.
| Analysis by Doctor Church | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 9.000 |
| Calcium carbonate | 8.000 |
| Calcium sulfate | 15.000 |
| Calcium chlorid | 3.000 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 80.000 |
| Iron carbonate | 5.000 |
| Total | 120.000 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas, 74 cubic inches. Temperature, 58° F. |
|
Ofen, Hungary, Hunyadi-Janos
| Analysis by R. Fresenius | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 83.176 |
| Sodium sulfate | 1148.463 |
| Potassium sulfate | 7.763 |
| Calcium sulfate | 77.212 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 42.715 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 1077.635 |
| Iron carbonate | .123 |
| Silica | .654 |
| Total | 2437.741 |
| Free carbon-dioxid, 217.44 cc. per liter. | |
Carabana, Spain
| Analysis by A. Proust | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 93.309 |
| Sodium sulfate | 5831.800 |
| Sodium sulfid | 2.910 |
| Sodium phosphate | 1.225 |
| Calcium chlorid | 11.471 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 27.841 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 179.101 |
| Alumina | .029 |
| Total | 6147.686 |
Kissingen, Bitter Wasser, Germany
| Analysis by Liebig | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 464.6921 |
| Sodium sulfate | 353.649 |
| Potassium sulfate | 11.582 |
| Lithium chlorid | .730 |
| Ammonium chlorid | .169 |
| Calcium carbonate | .858 |
| Calcium sulfate | 78.643 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 30.367 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 300.414 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 229.761 |
| Magnesium bromid | 6.652 |
| Total | 1477.521 |
| Free carbon dioxid, 184.375 cc. per liter. | |
Carlsbad (Sprudel), Bohemia
| Analysis by Gottl | |
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 69.7921 |
| Sodium carbonate | 72.496 |
| Sodium sulfate | 159.680 |
| Potassium sulfate | 2.960 |
| Calcium carbonate | 16.020 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 3.192 |
| Ferrous carbonate | .248 |
| Aluminum phosphate | 1.720 |
| Silica | 8.416 |
| Total | 334.524 |
| Carbon-dioxid gas, 62.40 cubic inches. Nitrogen, .24 cubic inches. |
|
Pullna, Bohemia
| Analysis by Struve | |
|---|---|
| Sodium sulfate | 990.400 |
| Potassium sulfate | 38.400 |
| Calcium sulfate | 20.800 |
| Calcium carbonate | 6.160 |
| Calcium phosphate | .024 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 744.688 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 51.248 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 157.328 |
| Silica | 1.408 |
| Total | 2010.456 |
A Comparison of the Most Important Constituents of the Waters of the Sulfate Group
| Grains per gallon | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Total solids |
Sodium chlorid |
Sodium sulfate |
Calcium sulfate |
Calcium bicarbonate |
Magnesium sulfate |
| Abilena | 4244 | 34 | 4015 | 47 | 61 | 87 |
| Capioma | 246 | 31 | 37 | 86 | 24 | 64 |
| Carbondale | 145 | 76 | 37 | 1 | 16 | |
| Council Grove | 193 | trace | 1 | 94 | 85 | |
| Fagan | 46 | 4 | 16 | 17 | 5 | |
| Chingawassa | 152 | 2 | 3 | 97 | 24 | 22 |
| Parsons | 405 | 13 | 43 | 58 | 55 | 237 |
| Sun No. 1 | 154 | 4 | 4 | 111 | 7 | |
| Sycamore No. 1 | 152 | 7 | 1 | 93 | 32 | 16 |
| Crab Orchard, Ky | 401 | 17 | 59 | 10 | 53 | 205 |
| Bedford, Pa | 124 | 9 | 15 | 8 | 80 | |
| Hunyado Janos | 2437 | 83 | 1148 | 77 | 1077 | |
| Carabaña, Spain | 6147 | 93 | 5831 | 197 | ||
| Kissingen, Germany | 1477 | 464 | 353 | 78 | 1 | 300 |
| Carlsbad, Bohemia | 334 | 69 | 159 | 16 | ||
| Püllna, Austria | 2010 | 990 | 20 | 6 | 744 | |
This comparison shows that while these waters usually contain sodium chlorid, the percentage of this salt is small compared with the total mineral matter. On the other hand, the amount of sulfates is large; in some cases, very large. Carbonates of calcium and magnesium are also present in considerable quantity, and sometimes enough sodium carbonate to give the water a strong alkaline reaction. In addition to magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate and chlorid are also frequently mentioned.
Some very interesting comparisons may be brought out, showing the value of the Kansas waters. There is a remarkable similarity in composition between the Abilena and certain foreign waters, notably the Hunjadi-Janos, Carabana, etc. The water of the Parsons well, a water that has hardly acquired even a local reputation for its therapeutic qualities, is very similar to that of Crab Orchard, Ky. The latter is used in making the celebrated "Crab Orchard Salts," which are so extensively used in Kentucky and neighboring states as a cathartic. The analysis of the Crab Orchard salts, as given by Dr. Robert Peter, is as follows :
| 100 parts contain | |
|---|---|
| Magnesium sulfate | 03.19 parts |
| Sodium sulfate | 4.20 parts |
| Potassium sulfate | 1.80 parts |
| Calcium sulfate | 2.54 parts |
| Sodium chlorid | 4.77 parts |
| Lime, magnesia, iron, and silica (carbonates) | .89 parts |
| Bromin | trace |
| Water of crystallization and loss | 22.61 parts |
| Total | 100.00 parts |
Other waters, like Carbondale and Capioma, contain similar constituents, but the waters are more dilute.
The second class of waters, those in which calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate are prominent constituents, are similar to such waters as Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania.
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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed on web April 7, 2017; originally published 1902.
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