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Chapter VIII—The Physical and Chemical Properties of Kansas Petroleums

by W. A. Whitaker, F. W. Campbell and Clarence Estes

Division of State Chemical Research

Previous Work

Previous investigations, which have included the analytical characteristics of certain of the Kansas petroleums, have been carried out by Bailey (1897, p. 51-53), Bartow and McCollum (1903), Richardson (1906, p. 57, 81), Bushong (1908, p. 303-317), Day of the United States Geological Survey (1913, p. 1190), and others. For the purpose of comparing the properties of certain of these petroleums with some of those being produced at the present time, and herein later recorded, a summary of the analytical characteristics as determined by former investigators is given in Tables Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive.

Table 1—Properties of Kansas Crude Petroleums. (Bushong, 1908, p. 314)

Field No.	Location	Specific gravity, 60° F.	Baumé, 60° F.	Flash point, degrees F.	Burning point, degrees F.
5	Neodesha	.8378	37.1	Below 40	Below 80
8	Bolton	.8413	36.4	Below 40	Below 80
15	Peru (town)	.8465	35.4	Below 40	Below 80
16	Peru (Huffman)	.8473	35.2	Below 40	Below 80
14	Peru (Blundell)	.8525	34.2	Below 40	Below 80
17	Paola	.8573	33.3	Below 40	Below 80
12	Caney	.8601	32.8	Below 40	Below 80
13	Peru (Alford)	.8601	32.8	Below 40	Below 80
4	Humboldt	.8622	32.4	Below 40	Below 80
19	Chanute	.8639	32.0	Below 40	Below 80
7	Independence	.8649	31.9	Below 40	Below 80
1	Erie	.8674	31.4	Below 40	Below 80
2	Shaw	.8684	31.2	43	115
11	Coffeyville	.8706	30.8	Below 40	95
3	Urbana	.8722	30.5	Below 40	Below 80
6	Moran	.8749	30.0	Below 40	Below 80
9	South of Independence	.9110	23.7	265	310
10	Benedict	.9240	21.5	275	340
18	Burlington	.9340	19.7	194	275

Table 2—Distillates from Kansas Petroleums, Percentage Yield. (Bushong, 1908, p. 315)

Field No.	Gasoline to 150° C. by volume	Kerosene, 150°-300° C. by volume
5	17.2	29.4
8	16.3	32.8
15	14.0	27.7
16	13.4	29.7
14	11.9	29.4
17	11.3	30.7
12	9.0	33.6
13	10.3	29.6
4	10.7	28.1
19	8.7	31.4
7	11.2	24.5
1	7.2	31.2
2	5.6	34.1
11	7.3	27.4
3	9.1	30.5
6	8.9	27.7
9		13.7
10		7.3
18		14.4

Table 3—Properties of Kansas Crude Petroleums. (Day, 1913, p. 1190)

Serial No.	Location of Well	Depth of well, feet	Specific gravity, 15.5° C.	Baumé, 60° F.	Begins to distil	Paraffin, percent	Asphalt, percent
Allen County
Humboldt pool:
354	McKinley Crude Oil Co., Humboldt	Settling tank	.8878	27.7	123° C. 253° F.	3.93	2.33
355	McKinley Crude Oil Co., Logan township	851	.8895	27.4	110° C. 230° F.	1.92	2.68
356	Fussman lease, Logan township; Frank Fussman, Humboldt	850	.8822	28 7	108° C. 226° F.	2.10	1.03
357	Fussman lease, Logan township; Frank Fussman, Humboldt	850	. 8850	28.2	85° C. 185° F.	7.92	0.39
Chanute pool:
358	Hedrich lease, I. N. Knapp, Chanute	700	.8706	30.8	125° C. 257° F.	3.78	0.89
359	Beach lease, Rex Oil & Gas Co., Chanute	751	.8647	31.9	109° C. 228° F.	4.25	1.23
360	Beach lease, Rex Oil & Gas Co., Chanute	737	.8647	31.9	110° C. 230° F.	4.71	1.45
361	Kansas Cooperative Refining Co., Chanute	Tank.	.8615	32.5	90° C. 44° F.	1.45	1.50
362	Chanute Refining Co.	Pipe line.	.8637	32.1	113° C. 235° F.	4.32	1.15
Moran pool:
363	Carroll lease, Eastern Kansas Oil Co., Moran	735	.8794	29.2	95° C. 203° F.	1.21	2.63
364	Smith lease, Eastern Kansas Oil Co., Moran	535	.8799	29.1	78° C. 172° F.	3.48	1.88
365	Newton lease, E. I. Holman, Moran	735	.8712	30.7	75° C. 163° F.	3 94	2.67
366	Eastern Kansas Oil Co., Moran	Pipe line.	.8589	33.0	106° C. 223° F.	4.61	2.32
Chautauqua County
Peru pool:
367	Prairie Oil & Gas Co., Peru Station, Independence	Pipe line.	.8526	34 2	87° C. 189° F.	3.81	0.35
368	F. G. Hill's lease, Interstate Oil & Gas Co., Peru	1,070	.8557	33.6	110° C. 230° F.	5.79	1.53
369	Hill's lease, Central Pool Oil Co., Peru	1,100	.8521	34.3	80° C. 176° F.	5.24	0.20
370	Interstate lease, Pittsburg Oil & Gas Co., Peru	1,100	.8454	35.6	77° C. 171° F.	4.54	0.42
371	Interstate lease, Pittsburg Oil & Gas Co., Peru	1,100	.8500	34.7	66° C. 151° F.	5.41	0.34
Elk County
Longton pool:
372	Allen County Investment Co., Longton	585	.8637	32.1	98° C. 208° F.	7.19	0.89
373	Allen County Investment Co., Longton		.8631	32.2	96° C. 200° F.	4.30	1.56
Franklin County
Rantoul pool:
374	Springer lease, Hardison & Streeter, Rantoul	350	.8557	33.6	76° C. 168° F.	3.45	2.29
375	Tullows lease, Hardison & Streeter, Rantoul	350	.8750	30.0	136° C. 277° F.	3.98	2.80
Miami County
Paola pool:
378	C. J. Hafey, Paola	360	.8511	34.5	80° C. 176°F.	7.44	2.94
Montgomery County
Coffeyville pool:
379	Gilroy lease, Brown Brokerage Co., Coffeyville	600	8822	28.7	173° C. 343° F.	5.31	0.17
380	M. Davis lease, Dunkley & Odell, Coffeyville	625	.8717	30.6	100° C. 212° F.
381	T. Hall lease, Lynch & McSweeney, Wayside	800	.8696	31.0	75° C. 167° F. 1	4.66	0.61
382	T. Hall lease, Lynch & McSweeney, Wayside		.8838	28.4	81° C. 188° F.
Bolton pool:
383	G. L. Bank lease, Miller, Rider & Co., Independence	1,180	.8424	36.2	72° C. 162° F.
384	Prairie Oil & Gas Co., Station 5, Independence		.8495	34.8	109° C. 228° F.	6.31	0.55
Neosho County
Erie pool:
386	Webb lease. Northland Oil & Gas Co., Erie		.8739	30.2	.135° C. 275° F.	4.78	3.20
387	Barger lease, Buckeye Oil & Gas Co., Erie	520	.8658	31 7	110° C. 230° F.	1.22	0.88
388	Thayer		.8490	34.9
Wilson County
Neodesha pool:
389	D. Johnson lease, Dolly Johnson Oil & Gas Co., Neodesha	800	.8373	37.2	80° C. 176° F.
390	T. Johnson lease, Prairie Oil & Gas Co., Neodesha	820	.8368	37.3	88° C. 190° F.	3.40	0.08
391	Dolly Johnson Oil & Gas Co., Neodesha	Settling tank.	.8568	33 4	135° C. 275° F.	5.79	0.10
392	Neodesha		.8350	37.7
393	Neodesha		.8350	37.7

Table 4—Gasoline obtained from Kansas petroleums by distilling to 150° C. (302° F.). (Day, 1913, p. 1190)

Serial No.	Percent volume	Specific gravity, 15.5° C.	Baumé, 60° F.
354	1.0
355	3.0
356	5.0	.7460	57.6
357	3.5	.7515	56.3
358	3.0	.7500	56.7
359	5.0	.7350	60.5
360	6.0	.7355	60.4
361	7.5	.7156	65.6
362	4.5	.7405	59.1
363	8.0	.7275	62.5
364	10.0	.7105	67.1
365	7.5	.7190	66.9
366	3.0	.7330	61.0
367	7.0	.7244	63.3
368	7.0	.7311	61.5
369	12.0	.7160	65.5
370	11.0	.7218	64.0
371	13.0	.7177	65.0
372	12.0	.7202	64.0
373	6.0	.7360	60.2
374	11.5	.7116	66.7
375	1.0
376	5.5	.7220	63.9
378	10.0	.7202	64.4
380	6.0	.7289	62.1
381	.9.5	.7100	67.2
382	5.0	.7315	61.4
383	14.7	.7273	62.5
384	7.0	.7358	60.3
386	1.0
387	3.0
388	16.7	.7282	62.3
389	17.0	.7172	65.2
390	16.0	.7185	64.9
391	1.0
392	19.1	.7205	64.3
393	19.8	.7252	62.5

Present Investigation

Since the foregoing investigations were made, several new fields have been developed, prominent among which are the Augusta and El Dorado fields, and the impetus thus given to local production has caused the reexploration and extension of several of the older fields, such as the Paola, the Rantoul and others. In the present investigation the physical and chemical properties of twenty-two crude petroleums have been determined. Of this number, nine samples came from the new fields in Butler county (Augusta and El Dorado); six came from Miami county (Paola); and one each from Franklin, Woodson, Allen, Wilson, Neosho, Chautauqua and Cowley counties.

Methods Used

Sampling. Most of the samples which were used in this investigation were collected by one of the writers personally (Mr. F. W. Campbell). Others, Nos. 3, 5, 6 and 22, were received through. the kindness, respectively, of the Prairie Oil Company; Mr. E. E. Lyder, of the Empire Gas and Fuel Company; the Gypsy Oil Company; and Mr. W. B. Varner, of the Imperial Oil and Gas Company. The samples were taken at the well while pumping, and shipped in one-gallon wooden sheathed cans, which were stopped with cork and sealed with plaster of Paris. All samples reported herewith arrived at the laboratory intact and in good condition.

Specific Gravity. The specific gravity was determined in the ordinary form of pyknometer, holding approximately 25 cc. at 15° C. The Baumé gravity was calculated' from the specific gravity, using conversion tables given in Van Nostrand's Chemical Annual, 1913.

Viscosity. Viscosity was determined in an Engler viscosimeter at 20° C., the result being expressed in degrees Engler, which is the time of flow of oil divided by the time of flow of an equivalent volume of water.

Flash and Fire Points. Flash and fire points were determined in a Standard Abel tester. The higher boiling fractions were tested in an open glass cup two inches in diameter filled within a quarter of an inch of the top and heated on a sand bath, allowing the temperature to rise about two degrees per minute. A gas test flame, approximately the size of that used for the Abel tester, was used.

Fractionation. The Ubbelohde Engler method of distillation was used, samples of 800 cc. being distilled in a one-liter flask with a vertical condenser. Dry carbon dioxide was used to aid in removing the water in the first fractions. The lighter distillates were collected in bottles packed in ice. To facilitate the removal of the heavier distillates, the condenser water was warmed. Fractions were taken off as shown, allowing the flask to cool, followed by reheating several times to each temperature. After distillation the fractions were refined by shaking with one to two percent of 60° Baumé sulphuric acid, washing with water, neutralizing with 30° Baumé sodium hydroxide, washing with water again and drying over fused calcium chloride.

Index of Refraction. The index of refraction of the distillates was determined in an Abbe refractometer at 25° C. The instrument was checked against a Pulfrich refractometer and found to be accurate.

Paraffin. The method which is used by the German custom-house authorities was adopted for the determination of paraffin. It consists in distilling 100 grams of crude oil until a temperature of 300° C. is reached. The fraction obtained by distilling between 300° C. and coke, without the use of a condenser, is caught in a tared receiver and the weight of the distillate determined. To 5 to 10 grams of this distillate is added a one-to-one mixture of ether and absolute alcohol until a clear solution is obtained. The mixture is then cooled to -20° C. and just enough of the ether-alcohol mixture is added until all oily drops are dissolved and only the precipitated paraffin remains. The paraffin is then filtered by suction on a funnel surrounded by an ice-salt freezing mixture and washed free from oil by the ether-alcohol mixture which is cooled to -20° C. The filter paper containing the paraffin is then removed to another funnel and the paraffin dissolved and washed into a tared beaker with hot naphtha (B. P. 40-50° C.). The solvent is then evaporated on a water bath, and the contents dried at 105° C., cooled and weighed.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. The unsaturated hydrocarbons were determined by the method of Kramer and Buttcher, which consists in adding an equal volume of concentrated sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.84) to the sample of oil contained in a graduated cylinder. The oil and acid are mixed, and, after standing several hours, centrifuged, and the volume of uncombined oil recorded. The difference between the original volume and uncombined oil is taken to represent the unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Calorific Value. The calorific value was determined by the formula developed by Sherman and Kroff (Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 30, p. 1626, 1908):

B. T. U. = 18,650 + 40 degrees Baumé - 10)

This method, as well as that used for the determination of sulphur, was resorted to because of the nonavailability of a bomb calorimeter at the time these tests were made.

Sulphur. The sulphur was determined by the method of Rathe, which is only of approximate accuracy (Houlde, D., Examination of Petroleum and Petroleum products, p. 40). To about 3 grams of the oil in a 300 cc. round-bottom pyrex flask is added 1.5 grams of magnesium oxide and 30 c.c. of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.48). After the first violent reaction the flask is heated gently on a hot plate for about two hours. The temperature is then increased, the excess of nitric acid evaporated, and the heating continued until the nitrates begin to decompose. After cooling, 10 c.c. of concentrated nitric acid are added and the flask placed on the hot plate and evaporated to dryness. The flask is then heated with a burner until the nitrates are completely decomposed. The residue remaining is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.124) and filtered after diluting with 30 c.c. of water. The sulphates in the filtrate are determined by the barium chloride method.

Nitrogen. (Prutzman, Paul W., 1913, Petroleum in Southern California: California State Min. Bureau, Bull. 63, p. 40) Determinations of this element were made by a modification of the Kjeldahl process, in which the oil is oxidized by means of fuming sulphuric acid and permanganate until colorless, diluted, neutralized, and distilled, and the ammonia estimated in the usual manner.

Asphalt. The asphalt was determined by Holde's method, by weighing off 1 gram of residuum and shaking this with 40 c.c. of gasoline which was free from unsaturated hydrocarbons and which boiled between 65° and 95° C. After shaking, this is allowed to stand for 48 hours and the precipitated asphalt is dissolved in benzol, dried at 105°, and weighed. Accuracy greater than 1 percent is not claimed for these analyses.

Formolit Reaction. (Nastjukojf Test). (Houlde, D., Examination of Petroleum and Petroleum products.) When formaldehyde in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid is added to a mineral oil the unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons are precipitated. In this way a solid is obtained for which the name "formolit" has been suggested. The formolit number is the number of grams of dried formolit which are obtained from 100 grams of oil under definite conditions. The color of the formolit precipitates obtained in these tests on Kansas petroleums was uniformly a grayish brown.

Data Obtained in the Present Investigation

The physical and chemical properties of Kansas petroleums as determined in the present investigation are summarized in tables numbers 5 to 12, inclusive.

Table 5a—Properties of Kansas Crude Petroleums.

County	Location	Depth of wells	Lab No.	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Viscosity, 20° C.	Flash	Fire
Butler	El Dorado, Murphy No. 11, S. 31, T. 25, R. 5 E.	2,400	1	.8190	40.9	1.46	7° C. 45° F.	8° C. 47° F.
Cowley	Winfield, Clark No. 1, S. 6, T. 31, R. 4 E.	3,353	2	.8271	39.2	1.31	Below 0° C. 32° F.
Butler	Augusta, G. W. Bell No. 1, S. 28, T. 27, R. 4 E.	2,448	3	.8270	39.2	1.38	5° C. 41° F.	7° C. 44° F.
Butler	El Dorado, Weaver No. 1, S. 1, T. 28, R. 5 E.	2,473	4	.8312	38.4	1.39	4° C. 39° F.	6° C. 43° F.
Butler	Augusta, Penley lease, S. 21, T. 27, R. 4 E.		5	.8320	38.2	1.46	Below 0° C. 32° F.
Butler	El Dorado, Hazlett lease, S. 34, T. 25, R. 5 E.		6	.8381	37.0	1.54	12° C. 54° F.	17° C. 63° F.
Butler	Douglass, Patterson lease, S. 18, T. 29, R. 4 E.		7	.8386	36.9	1.53	2° C. 36° F.	3° C. 38° F.
Butler	El Dorado, Wilson No. 2, S. 27, T. 25, R. 5 E.	2,662	8	.8412	36.4	1.52	3° C. 37° F.	5° C. 41° F.
Butler	El Dorado, Wrightsman-Foster No. 55, S. 31, T. 25, R. 5 E.		9	.8496	34.7	1.62	7° C. 46° F.	12° C. 53° F.
Butler	Augusta, Anderson No. 1, S. 9, T. 27, R. 4 E.	1,980	10	.8526	34.2	2.09	3° C. 37° F.	5° C. 42° F.
Miami	Paola, Chiles & Cooper lease, S. 9, T. 17, R. 22 E.	700-750	11	.8585	33.0	4.05	7° C. 45° F.	17° C. 63° F.
Miami	Paola, C. B. Purcell lease, S. 35, T. 17, R. 23 E.	400-450	12	.8557	33.6	1.98	4° C. 39° F.	8° C. 46° F.
Miami	Paola, Wingert No. 1, S. 9, T. 17, R. 22 E.	705	13	.8661	31.6	2.96	5° C. 41° F.	17° C. 63° F.
Wilson	Guilford, S. 23, T. 28, R. 15 E.		14	.8662	31.6	3.29	5° C. 41° F.	7° C. 44° F.
Miami	Paola, Lon Altman lease, S. 8, T. 17, R. 22 E.	750	15	.8671	31.4	3.19	8° C. 46° F.	23° C. 73° F.
Franklin	Rantoul, Eliz. Tullos lease, S. 27, T. 17. R. 21 E.	650	16	.8703	30.8	2.98	9° C. 48° F.	13° C. 55° F.
Neosho	Chanute, 2 miles north		17	.8710	30.7	2.73
Miami	Town lots of Paola, Little Cushing field	460	18	.8740	30.1	4.06	31° C. 87° F.	41° C. 105° F.
Chautauqua	Oakley lease, S. 30, T. 32, R. 13 E.		19	.8782	29.4	3.39	11° C. 51° F.	14° C. 57° F.
Miami	Paola, Day farm, S. 26, T. 17, R. 22 E.		20	.8860	28.0	6.17	32° C. 90° F.	37° C. 99° F.
Allen	LaHarpe, S. 15, T. 24, R. 19 E.		21	.8895	27.4	6.74	13° C. 56° F.	21° C. 69° F.
Woodson	Vernon, S. 8, T. 24, R. 16 E.	1,030	22	.9027	25.0	16.31	9° C. 49°F.	16° C. 60° F.

Table 5b—Properties of Kansas Crude Petroleums.

Laboratory No.	B. T. U. per pound	Sulphur, percent by weighta	Paraffins, percent by weight	Unsaturated hydrocarbons, percent by volume
1	1988	0.14	1.54	14
2	19820	.11	1.67	8
3	19820	.21	1.61	12
4	19790	.15	2.61	12
5	19780	.14	2.34	12
6	19730	.12		14
7	19730	.25	1.93	16
8	19710	.13	1.62	16
9	19640	.21	2.19	12
10	19620	.42	1.24	28
11	19570	.28	2.13	30
12	19590	.11	1.25	12
13	19520		2.33	32
14	19510	.10	1.06	26
15	19510	.08	2.05	30
16	19480	.26	1.32	28
17	19480
18	19460	.27	1.81	24
19	19430	.15	2.02	28
20	19370
21	19350	.28	1.62
22	19200
a. Bartow and McCollum found an average of 0.27 percent sulphur, while Bushong reported an average of 0.35 percent sulphur. (Kan. Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 9, p. 313, 1908.)

Table 6—Fractionation of Kansas Petroleums
To 150° C. (302° F.).

Lab No.	Percent by volume	Percent by weight	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Refractive index 25° C.	Flash	Fire
3	23.9	20.8	.7249	63.1	1.4008		3° C. 37° F.
7	23.5	20.5	7354	60.4	1.4029	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
2	20.8	18.0	.7151	65.8	1.3961	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
10	20.3	17.2	.7230	63.6	1.3989	3° C. 37° F.	4° C. 39° F.
4	18.8	16.0	.7183	64.9	1.3941	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
5	17.7	15.3	.7216	64.0	1.3940	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
1	17.5	15.1	.7148	65.9	1.3955	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
9	17.5	14.9	7339	60.8	1.4047	8° C. 46° F.	10° C. 50° F.
8	16.7	14.2	7218	63.9	1.3950	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
15	15.4	13.6	7255	63 0	1.4024	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
6	15.3	13.3	.7189	64.8	1.3985	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
12	15.3	12.8	.7189	64.8	1.3984	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
13	13.6	11.2	.7257	62.9	1.3962	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
16	12.8	10.7	.7255	63.0	1.4001	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
11	12.4	10.2	.7217	64.0	1.3991	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
17	10.5	9.1	.7386	59.6	1.4057
14	10.5	8.3	.7118	66 7	1.4123	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
19	9.4	7.8	.7294	61.9	1.3970	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
21	8.8	7.3	.7341	60.7	1.4200	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
22	8.7	7.3	.7211	64.1	1.4028	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.
18	7.4	6.4	.7384	59.9	1.4109	4° C. 39° F.	5° C. 41° F.
20	6.5	5.5	.7518	56.2	1.4108	Below 0° C. 32° F.	Below 0° C. 32° F.

Table 7—Fractionation of Kansas petroleums.
150° C. (302° F.) to 200° C. (392° F.).

Lab No.	Percent by volume	Percent by weight	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Refractive index 25° C.	Flash	Fire
3.	13.0	12.3	.7808	49.3	1.4286	31° C. 88° F.	41° C. 106° F.
7	9.9	9.1	.7795	49.6	1.4262	25° C. 77° F.	27° C. 81° F.
2	11.1	10.5	.7817	49.1	1.4299	28° C .82° F.	40° C. 104° F.
10	6.7	6.2	.7823	49.0	1.4293	28° C. 82° F.	37° C. 99° F.
4	13.4	12.2	.7690	52.1	1.4218	30° C. 86° F.	33° C. 92° F.
5	13.1	12.4	.7675	52.4	1.4171	24° C. 75° F.	28° C. 82° F.
1	160	15.2	.7641	53.3	1.4280	30° C. 86° F.	40° C. 104° F.
9	70	6.4	.7765	50.3	1.4265	31° C. 88° F.	48° C. 118° F.
8	13.9	13.0	.7775	50.1	1.4240	26° C. 79° F.	31° C. 88° F.
15	7.1	6.3	.7807	49.3	1.4284	36° C. 87° F.	43° C. 109° F.
6	13.5	12.4	.7730	51.1	1.4260	28° C. 82° F.	31° C. 88° F.
12	7.3	6.6	.7696	51.9	1.4241	30° C. 86° F.	33° C. 92° F.
13	9.8	8.7	.7747	50.7	1.4259	26° C. 79° F.	29° C. 84° F.
16	7.5	6.6	.7665	53.0	1.4275	32° C. 90° F.	36° C. 97° F.
11	7.9	7.0	.7804	49.4	1.4270	29° C. 84° F.	32° C. 90° F.
17	7.0	6.4	.7725	52.2	1.4180
14	9.4	8.2	.7773	50.1	1.4410	24° C. 75° F.	27° C. 81° F.
19	8.5	7.4	.7740	50.9	1.4210	26° C. 79° F.	31° C. 88° F.
21	6.0	5.2	.7765	50.3	1.4391
22	5.2	4.4	.7764	50.3	1.4298	24° C. 75° F.	28° C. 72° F.
18	9.3	8.2	.7768	52.1	1.4280	27° C. 81° F.	30° C. 86° F.
20	6.0	5.7	.7862	48.1	1.4315

Table 8—Fractionation of Kansas Petroleums
200° C. (392° F.) to 250° C. (482° F.).

Lab No.	Percent by volume	Percent by weight	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Refractive index 25° C.	Flash	Fire
3	11.0	10.8	.8151	41.7	1.4477	82° C. 180° F.	91° C. 196° F.
7	10.5	10.1	.8117	42.5	1.4443	64° C. 147° F.	69° C. 156° F.
2	16.8	16.3	.8071	43.6	1.4446	75° C. 167° F.	78° C. 172° F.
10	12.4	11.8	.8137	42.1	1.4461	50° C. 122° F.	62° C. 144° F.
4	12.7	12.1	.8025	44.4	1.4398	61° C. 142° F.	67° C. 153° F.
5	13.3	13.1	.8285	39.0	1.4415	70° C. 158° F.	75° C. 167° F.
1	8.4	8.4	.8176	41.3	1.4470	82° C. 180° F.	88° C. 190° F.
9	13.5	12.9	.8120	42.4	1.4461	76° C. 169° F.	84° C. 183° F.
8	11.1	11.0	.8059	43.7	1.4445	73° C. 163° F.	81° C. 178° F.
15	9.2	8.5	.8150	41. 8	1.4461	72° C. 162° F.	89° C. 192° F.
6	14.1	13.6	.8089	43.1	1.4451	73° C. 163° F.	82° C. 180° F.
12	10.3	9.7	.8039	44.2	1 4428	60° C. 140° F.	66° C. 151° F.
13	9.2	8.5	.8078	43.3	1. 4441	67° C. 153° F.	72° C. 162° F.
16	9.3	8.5	.8076	43.4	1.4437	60° C. 140° F.	67° C. 153° F.
11	10.1	9.4	.8114	42.5	1 4443	65° C. 149° F.	71° C. 160° F.
17	13.3	12.5	.8118	42.4	1.4432
14	7.8	7.0	.8064	43.6	1.4579	62° C. 144° F.	69° C. 156° F.
19	8.0	7.2	.7988	45.3	1.4378	63° C. 146° F.	67° C. 153° F.
21a	6.7	5.9	.8103	42.8	1. 4581
22	8.5	8.0	.8163	41. 5	1.4495	68° C. 154° F.	71° C. 160° F.
18	12.5	11.8	.8114	42.5	1. 4463	62° C. 144° F.	68° C. 154° F.
20.	13.0	12.2	.7923	46.7	1.4488
a Showed evidence of cracking.

Table 9—Fractionation of Kansas petroleums.
250° C. (482° F.) to 300° C. (572° F.).

Lab No.	Percent by volume	Percent by weight	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Refractive index 25° C.	Flash	Fire
3	17.8	17.6	.8434	36.6	1.4648	102° C. 216° F.	127° C. 260° F.
7	9.5	9.5	.8372	37.2	1.4590	104° C. 219° F.	110° C. 230° F.
2	13.0	13.0	.8455	35.6	1. 4667	92° C. 198° F.	114° C. 237° F.
10	10.1	10.1	.8424	36.2	1. 4627	115° C. 239° F.	122° C. 252° F.
4	11.1	11.1	.8280	39.0	1. 4545	92° C. 198° F.	99° C. 210° F.
5	14.3	14.3	.8380	37.1	1.4575	101° C. 214° F.	112° C. 234° F.
1	15.3	15.3	.8396	36.8	1. 4620	113° C. 235° F.	122° C. 251° F.
9	16.3	16.0	.8400	36.7	1. 4635	107° C. 225° F.	121° C. 250° F.
8	18.2	18.0	.8433	36.0	1.4629	85° C. 185° F.	100° C. 212° F.
15	12.5	11.9	.8395	36.7	1.4608	81° C. 178° F.	103° C. 217° F.
6	17.8	17.2	.8371	37.2	1.4620	90° C. 194° F.	103° C. 217° F.
12	11.7	11.5	.8333	37.9	1.4590	96° C. 205° F.	102° C. 216° F.
13	11.1	10.7	.8369	37.3	1. 4594	91° C. 196° F.	103° C. 217° F.
16	12.5	11.8	.8379	37.1	1.4603	94° C. 201° F.	103° C. 217° F
11	10.6	10.1	.8425	36.2	1.4611	93° C. 200° F.	102° C. 216° F.
17	12.6	12.6	.8480	35.1	1.4609
14	10.8	10.1	.8346	37.7	1.4720	88° C. 190° F.	96° C. 205° F.
19	12.8	11.7	.8307	38.5	1. 4531	97° C. 207° F.	96° C. 205° F.
21	7.6a	6.9	.8342	37.8	1.4715
22	9.0	8.9	.8453	35.6	1.4651	112° C. 234° F.	119° C. 246° F.
18	13.4	12.8	.8321	38.2	1.4622	92° C. 198° F.	103° C. 217° F.
20	9.5	9.2	.8484	35.0	1.4622
a Showed evidence of cracking.

Table 10—Fractionation of Kansas petroleums, percent b,y weight.

Lab. No.	Water	Residue	Loss on distillation
3	Trace	37.1	1.4
7	Trace	49.5	1.3
2	Trace	41.3	0.9
10	Trace	53.7	1.0
4	.7	47.8	0.1
5	1.3	40.7	2.9
1	Trace	45.4	0.6
9	2.4	47.1	1.0
8	Trace	41.7	2.1
15	7.2	51.9	0.0
6	.1	42.8	0.6
12	4.6	53.7	1.1
13	Trace	60.0	0.3
16	4.0	54.8	3.5
11	Trace	61.7	1.6
17	.6	57.1	1.7
14	.8	63.9	1.7
19	1.9	61.3	2.7
21	.8	70.5	3.4
22	.8	66.9	3.7
18	Trace	60.5	0.3
20	.9	65.0	1.5

Determinations of nitrogen, asphaltene and formolit number were restricted to five samples which came from as many different fields.

Table 11—Nitrogen, asphaltene and formolit from Kansas petroleums.

Lab No.	Nitrogen, percent by weight	Asphaltene, percent by weight	Formolit No.
2	.08	1.99	12.6
3	.08	0.77	19.5
6	.08	0.88	12.7
12	.08	1.71	14.6
19	.09	0.61	25.3

Table 12—Percent of gasoline by volume from Kansas petroleums, based on two standards.

Lab No.	To 150° C. (302° F.) percent by volume	To 200° C. (392° F.) percent by volume
3	23.9	36.9
7	23.5	33.4
2	20.8	31.9
10	20.3	27.0
4	18.8	32.2
5	17.7	30.8
1	17.5	33.5
9	17.5	24.5
8	16.7	30.6
15	15.4	22.5
6	15.3	28.8
12	15.3	22.6
13	13.6	23.4
16	12.8	20.3
11	12.4	20.3
17	10.5.	17.5
14	10.5	19.9
19	9.4	17.9
21	8.8	14.8
22	8.7	13.9
18	7.4	16.7
20	6.5	12.5

Following the completion of the foregoing analyses and tabulations, a sample from the famous Trapshooter well No. 2 (Sec. 11, T. 26 S., R. 4 E.), Butler county, was received and examined (sample secured by Dr. W. P. Haynes, State Geological Survey of Kansas). Its characteristics are given below. This well was one of the largest producers in the state, having begun production in June, 1917, with an estimated daily flow of 20,000 barrels.

Properties of crude petroleum from Trapshooter well No. 2, Butler county
Specific Gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.	Began to distil	Residue and loss	Water
.8516	34.4	153° F.	70.2	None

Fractionation of petroleum from Trapshooter well No. 2, Butler county
Temperature	Percent by volume	Percent by weight	Specific gravity, 15° C.	Baumé, 59° F.
To 150° C. (302° F.)	6.0	5.1	.7243	63.0
150° C. (302° F.) to 200° C. (392° F.)	13.5	12.0	.7576	54.8
200° C. (392° F.) to 250° C. (482° F.)	13.5	12.7	.7959	45.9

Table 13—Comparison of Kansas petroleums with those of other states.

State		No. of samples	Specific gravity		Gasoline to 150° C. percent by volume		Sulphur, percent by weight		Paraffin, percent by weight		Asphalt, percent by weight		Unsaturated in crudes, percent by volume
			Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min
Kansas:
	Bushong, 1908(a)	18	.9340	.8378	17.2	0.0	.76	27
	U. S. Geological Survey, 1913(b)	38	.8895	.8350	19.8	1.0			7.92	1.21	3.20	0.8	50.0	12.4
	Present Investigation, 1917.	22	.9027	.8190	23.9	5.5	.42	.08	2.67	1.06	1.99	0.61	32.0	8.0
California(c)		287	.9745	.8875	2.0		3.55	.34			59.1	32.2
Colorado(d)		6	.8997	.8092	28.0	1.0			27.23	9.23
Illinois		47	.9236	.8260	23.0	1.0	.73	.10	5.48	1.96	5.04	.38
Indiana		5	.9371	8500	17.4	7.2	1.26	.72			47.0	2.9
Kentucky		18	.9021	.8083	27.0	1.0			5.49	2.13	2.66		63.0	2.0
Louisiana		21	.9669	.8065	15.0	0.57	1.05		7.78		9.0		8.8	6.8
Michigan		2	.8333	.8065	15.0				.78
Missouri		1			10.0				8.0
New Mexico		4	.9186	.8951	1.0	Trace					3.91		28.4	20.0
Ohio		36	.8500	.7739	29.65	4.0			11.24	2.23			22.8	2.8
Oklahoma		77	.8844	.7887	22.0	Trace			12.45	1.24	4.01		57.2	10.0
Pennsylvania		7	.8861	.7901	21.0	8.55		.06
Texas		44	.9708	.8250	34.6e	O.1f	2.40	.94	7.02		20.0		66.8	12.8
Utah		12	.9511	.8202	12.0		1.38	.18	29.4	3.4	5.9	0.49	21.2	14.4
West Virginia		62	.8895	.7684	24.5	1.0			9.73		Trace		32.8
Wyoming		58	.9960	.7821	28.0		.66		8.0		15.26		58.0	8.4
a Loc. cit. b Loc. cit. c U. S. Buteau of Mines, Technical Paper 74. d Data for Colorado and other states digested from Mineral Resources of the U. S., part II, 1913. e to 140° C. f to 160° C.

Table 14—Showing the relative heating values of various representative fuel oils. (Johnson & Huntley, Principles of Oil and Gas Production, p. 7, 1916.)

Crude petroleum	British thermal units
Average six samples Cushing crude	19,755
Average five samples Boston pool, Oklahoma 19,661
Average of crudes from thirty Oklahoma pools	19,567
Pennsylvania heavy crude	20,736
Caucasian light	22,027
Caucasian heavy	20,138
Petroleum refuse	19,832
Average fuel oil	18,900
Mexican fuel oil (Panuco?)	18,000
California fuel oil	18,630
Gulf coast fuel oil	19,028
Caddo, Louisiana	19,163
Lima-Indiana field	18,900
Austrian and Russian petroleum residues	18,900
Kansas Crudes, 1917	19,250-19,880

>

What is Gasoline?

A question often asked by the consumer, and one that should be answered soon, either by national authority or by common agreement of all concerned, is, What is gasoline?

The answering of this question fifteen or more years ago merely involved a simple statement concerning which there was little reason for debate. Kerosene was then the product most desired, and though at that time, and since, there has existed considerable looseness, or elasticity, regarding the definition of gasoline, the lesser demand for this product was not sufficient to create controversy regarding its specifications. It may be of interest to quote here some definitions which have appeared in the literature of the subject at various times. [Note: B. P., boiling point; Sp. Gr., specific gravity; Be., Baumé.]

1896. Redwood Boverton, Petroleum and its Products, vol. I, p. 203.

Gasoline: "B. P. 70°-80° C. (158°-176° F.); Sp. Gr. .640-.667 (89-80 Be.)"

1912. Norris, Principles of Organic Chemistry, p. 41.

"Gasoline is the name given to a product which contains the hydrocarbons found in naphtha, benzine and ligroin."

1912. Allen, Commercial Organic Analysis, vol. 3, p. 111.

Gasoline: Sp. Gr. .622-.666 (95-80 Be.).

1912. Sadtler, Industrial Organic Chemistry, p. 31.

Gasoline: B. P. 70°-80° C. (158°-176° F.); Sp. Gr. .660-.690 (80-75 Be.).

1913. Martin, Industrial Chemistry, Organic, p. 8.

Gasoline (petroleum ether, solene): B. P. 40°-70° C. (104°-158° F.); Sp. Gr. .64-.65 (89-85 Be.).

1913. Southcombe, Chemistry of the Oil Industries, p. 56.

"Motor spirit, or light benzine, varies in gravity from .650 to .720 and distils completely between 30° and 120° C. (860-248° F.) to 140° C. (284° F.).

1916. Holde, Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils, p. 51.

German Specifications: "The material must have been obtained by fractional distillation and should be free from water and all substances likely to injure the motors. Filter paper moistened with the naphtha should not show spots or give a persisting odor. Running through a sieve should not separate the naphtha into fine drops. It should be of uniform composition, not a mixture of high- and low-boiling products. Light naphtha should distill 80 percent under 100°, all under 130°; heavy naphtha, 50 percent under 100° C. (212° F.), all under 130° C. (266° F.); heavy naphtha, 50 percent under 100° C. (212° F.), all under 140° C. (284° F.). The naphtha must be carefully purified, have no color and only a faint odor. Naphtha for passenger service should have a specific gravity of 0.70 (70° B.) to 0.72 (64° B.) at 15° (59° F.); for commercial trucks, 0.720 (64° B.) to 0.750 (56° B.).

1916. Bacon and Hamor, American Petroleum Industry, vol. I, p. 124.

"The fraction between the initial boiling point and 150° C. (302° F.) constitutes the gasoline fraction."

However, conditions at the present time as regards gasoline are decidedly different from those of a few years ago. The passing years have witnessed an enormous growth in the production and use of the motor car, with a corresponding demand for the propulsive agent, gasoline. This demand has now reached a point where the rate of production of motor cars is surpassing the rate of production of the necessary fuel. As the demand for motor fuel has increased it has been found necessary to evolve new methods of production, such as are included under the "cracking" and "pressure distillation" processes; and in the ordinary distillation process it has seemed expedient to include in the gasoline fraction distillates which Were not formerly included. Furthermore, a considerable amount of gasoline has been obtained from casing-head gas by the compression and absorption methods. These newer methods of production have yielded gasolines possessing different properties from those formerly associated with the product, and this has led to an enlargement of the original conception of gasoline, with a consequent widening of the distillate and gravity limits.

These changes in the physical and chemical properties of motor fuel were destined to bring about dissatisfaction among those who were unaccustomed to their use, or whose motors were designed for distillates of different properties. On the other hand, when kept within those limits which have allowed the product to serve as a satisfactory combustion agent in the present-day type of motor, such changes have been fully justified, on a basis of economy and conservation.

An investigation which was made a few months ago by C. V. Bacon (1917, Petroleum Age, vol. 4, p. 2) on twenty different samples of gasoline which were produced at widely scattered points over the United States showed that there was a range in gravity (Baumé) from 52.4 to 84. The beginning point in distillation ranged from 81° F. to 142° F., except in the case of one sample, which began distillation at 203° F. The end point of distillation ranged from 334° F. to 475° F. The author states that while 203° F. is a little high in initial boiling point for use as automobile motor spirit, this material is very well adapted for use in stationary gas engines. As regards the other samples, in spite of the seemingly wide discrepancies, these fuels have "been satisfactorily used in internal-combustion engines, in automobiles or in trucks."

A report (1916, Petroleum Age, vol. 3, p. 10) presented at a recent meeting of the Independent Oil Men's Association proposed an end point for gasoline distillation from 380° to 400° F., which is equivalent to 205° C. The Bureau of Mines has suggested a dry point (end of distillation) at 220° C. (428° F.).

Dr. C. F. Mabery (1916, Petroleum Age, vol. 4, p. 3.), a noted petroleum technologist whose opinion on this subject should carry weight, suggests that a dry point of 250° C. (482° F.) is not too high, and it may be even higher.

In the absence of national regulations for gasoline quality, many states have attempted individually to establish legal standards for motor fuel offered for sale within their boundaries. This action is analogous with that of former years when it became necessary to establish regulations regarding the sale of kerosene. Unfortunately, there is a lack of agreement between these state laws and there seems to exist now a real need for coordination and standardization. The federal government in its enactment of the pure food and drug law has set a national precedent in the regulation of these products which might be appropriately followed by similar regulations regarding a product so widely used as gasoline. The user is entitled to a fuel which burns satisfactorily in his motor; the refiner is entitled to encouragement in his efforts at increased production and he should be protected from possible specifications which may be too exacting. That these viewpoints are not irreconcilable is shown by the present great production and consumption of motor fuel.

In general it may be said that an ideal gasoline for motor cars should have an initial distillation point that is low enough to allow of easy starting of the motor under different climatic conditions, and a final distillation point (dry point) that is not so high as to cause excessive carbon deposition. The range of intermediate distillates should present an unbroken chain of boiling points, and if these temperatures be plotted against the corresponding percentages the result should be a smooth curve.

The law governing the sale of gasoline in Kansas is given below.

State Oil-Inspection Law for Kansas

(Chapter 245, Laws of 1917.)

Sec. 6. In testing by said inspector or his deputies of all kerosene oils for illuminating purposes they shall reject all such oil as will emit combustive vapor at a temperature of less than 110 degrees Fahrenheit. The oil tester known as "the Foster automatic cup" shall be used in the making of these tests, and the oil shall not be heated faster than two degrees per minute. All kerosene oils for illuminating purposes shall not show a lower flash point than the 110 degrees Fahrenheit above mentioned. All gasoline that is used for heating, illuminating and power purposes shall be tested and graded, and all said gasoline used for heating, illuminating and power purposes shall he subjected to the following test: Said gasoline shall be of water-white color, sweet and free from obnoxious odors, and shall be weighed by hydrometer of Tagliabues, or some other standard and reliable weight of hydrometer (the temperature at time of test 60 degrees Fahrenheit). All gasoline graded and tested offered for sale in Kansas shall not be heavier than 58 degrees Baumé, at 60 degrees temperature : and shall show by it fractional distillation test an initial boiling point not to exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit, and an end point (or dry point) of not more than 410 degrees Fahrenheit, with no gaps, and all gasoline or fluid sold as such not meeting with the test above prescribed shall be known and sold as "gasoline under-test."

Sec. 7. All benzine shall have a gravity of not less than 43.5 Baumé gravity, and it shall be unlawful for any dealer, vendor or refiner to sell or offer for sale any kerosene, gasoline or benzine which does not comply with the test specified in this act, and any person, firm or corporation violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50) and not more than five hundred ($500) for each and every offense.

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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
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