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Americus Limestone Member of Kansas

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Appendix G: Selected measured sections

Explanation for Measured Sections

Explanation of graphic symbols used in measured sections.

See fig. 2 for locations of outcrops

Classification References

Relative Abundance

graphic version of section 1
Outcrop 1--NE SE SE sec. 24, T. 12 S., R. 12 E., Wabaunsee County. Outcrop is south of pond on west side of road. Thickness
m ft
14. Covered    
13. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many brachiopods and few pink quartz geodes 0.11 0.36
12. Shale, calcareous, gray to yellow, with lenses of brachiopod wackestone, tan, with abundant Neochonetes granulifer brachiopods, common bivalve fragments, few crinoids and Composita brachiopods, and rare bryozoans and echinoid spines; covered in part 0.6 2.0
11. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant tiny brachiopod fragments, common fusulinids, few Nodosia and biserial foraminifers,and rare bryozoans, Bellerophon gastropods, and trilobite fragments 0.28 0.92
10. Foraminifer-coated-shell-fragment wackestone, white, with abundant loose and encrusting Calcivertella foraminifers and tiny (0.5 mm thick and 1 mm long) bivalve and brachiopod fragments coated with foraminifer-alga boundstone, few ostracodes, and rare crinoids 0.27 0.89
9. Foraminifer-brachiopod packstone, white, with abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers and tiny brachiopod fragments (not coated), common tiny phosphatic bone (?) fragments, many ostracodes, and rare bryozoan fragments 0.2 0.7
8. Peloid-ostracode packstone lenses, gray, with medium sand sized micritic peloids (10% of rock), abundant ostracodes and very fine sand sized quartz grains, many tiny (6 mm in diameter) intraclasts of dense micrite and peloid-alga boundstone, and few loose Calcivertella foraminifers; interbedded with lime-sand packstone, orange 0.05 0.2
7. Lime-sand packstone, orange, friable, with abundant fine to medium sand sized lime grains 0.03-0.05 0.1-0.2
6. Lime-sand grainstone, orange, with coarse sand sized lime grains (45% of rock), many granule- and pebble-size clasts of laminated peloid-alga boundstone, gray, and rare tiny bivalve fragments; between-particle pore spaces generally filled with PE34 calcite cement 0.03-0.05 0.1-0.2
5. Shale, orange, silty (?) 0.05 0.2
4. Shale, gray to brown, fissile 0.08 0.3
3. Lime-breccia wackestone, cream-white, with abundant brecciated (in situ?), flat and curved (fragments of stromatolite domes?), laminated mudstone fragments (4 x 6 mm, i.e., pebble size), possible root traces; pervasive horizontal joints or fenestral pores filled with PE3 calcite cement; abundant very fine sand sized quartz toward top; tiny boxwork features toward base 0.05 0.2
2. Peloid-alga boundstone, cream-white; laterally linked hemispheres and domes (4.5 cm wide and 3-4 cm high), composed of layers of peloid-alga boundstone and dense micrite arched over brecciated micrite with pink gypsum crystals filling fracture pores 0.06 0.2
1. Shale, yellow    

graphic version of section 2
Outcrop 2--SW NE NE sec. 21, T. 13 S., R. 12 E., Wabaunsee County. Outcrop is at end of road, west of destroyed bridge. Thickness
m ft
12. Covered    
11. Brachiopod wackestone, gray to white, friable, wavy bedded, with abundant brachiopod fragments and spines and whole Neospirifer and dictyoclostid brachiopods, common echinoid spines, few ostracodes and Globivalvulina foraminifers, and rare trilobite fragments; abundant Neochonetes and few Composita brachiopods occur near base 0.52 1.7
10. Mudstone, blocky, terrigenous 0.2 0.7
9. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many brachiopods 0.31 1.0
8. Shale, gray to tan, fissile 0.4 1.3
7. Foraminifer wackestone, gray to white, wavy bedded, with abundant loose and encrusting Calcivertella foraminifers, common Globivalvulina and "Hobsonites-Z" foraminifers and ostracodes, many whole and fragmented pectinoid and myalinid bivalves, foraminifer-alga coated intraclasts of peloid-alga boundstone (1 mm thick and 5 mm long), crinoid fragments, and very fine sand sized quartz grains, few gastropods and brachiopod fragments, and rare echinoid spines 0.46 1.5
6. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray; overlain by peloid- foraminifer-intraclast packstone, with micritic peloids (3-15%), loose Calcivertella foraminifers (15%), and clasts of peloid-alga boundstone and Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone (4%), common ostracodes, many tiny heart-shaped bivalves, few brachiopod fragments, and rare crinoids; underlain by same packstone with numerous orange shale stringers; intraclasts are fragments of peloid-alga boundstone and Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone and range in size from 1 mm in diameter to 2 x 6 cm chips; burrowed areas contain mudstone, gray, with many Globivalvulina foraminifers and rare scolecodonts (?); peloid-alga boundstone is a 1.5-2-cm-thick horizontal layer of peloid and micrite laminations, brecciated, laterally discontinuous, with 8-mm-thick irregular encrustation of Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone on upper surface 0.14 0.46
5. Shale, tan to gray, fissile 0.65 2.1
4. Peloid mudstone, laminated, with many very fine sand sized quartz grains and tiny bivalve fragments 0.02-0.03 0.07-0.1
3. Shale, yellow to tan 0.06-0.1 0.2-0.3
2. Quartz silt and sand wackestone, buff, with quartz silt and very fine grained sand (10% of rock) 0.09 0.3
1. Shale, gray, tan, and buff in upper part, blocky (?); blue-gray, fissile in lower part 1.1+ 3.6+

graphic version of section 4
Outcrop 4--NW NW sec. 23, T. 14 S., R. 12 E., Wabaunsee County. Outcrop is in creek bed, 11 m (36 ft) upstream from small pond. Thickness
m ft
6. Covered    
5. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with few brachiopods and 10-cm-diameter pink geodes of quartz and calcite 0.25 0.82
4. Foraminifer wackestone, shaly; grades into calcareous shale, gray, resistant 0.4 1.3
3. Peloid-intraclast grainstone to packstone, tan, with fine sand sized micritic peloids (40%), intraclasts (4%), and fine sand sized quartz grains (2%), few loose Calcivertella foraminifers, and rare ostracodes, tiny bivalve fragments, and loose Spirorbis worm tubes; interbedded with 6-mm-thick layers of foraminifer-ostracode packstone and stringers of orange shale; intraclasts appear to be rip-up clasts of peloid-alga boundstone with an average size of 2 x 7 mm; clasts are either horizontally oriented or inclined at low angles; between-particle pore spaces generally filled with bright PE3 calcite cement 0.1 0.3
2. Peloid-intraclast-quartz-sand wackestone, yellow, with fine sand sized micritic peloids (25%), very fine sand sized quartz grains (5%), and intraclasts of peloid-alga boundstone (5%), common Calcivertella foraminifers (some encrusted on micritic peloids) and ostracodes, and few gastropods and echinoid spines; interbedded with orange terrigenous mudstone laminations, which are more abundant toward base; between-particle pore spaces generally filled with micritic sediment 0.1 0.3
1. Shale, yellow    

graphic version of section 5
Outcrop 5--SW NW sec. 4, T. 16 S., R. 12 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is in a pasture on the west side of K-99. Thickness
m ft
7. Covered    
6. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many brachiopods 0.12-0.35 0.39-1.1
5. Shale, calcareous, to limestone, white, shaly, covered in part 0.9 3.0
4. Peloid-ostracode mudstone, gray, with coarse sand sized micritic peloids (3%) and ostracodes (2%), few quartz silt, and rare loose Spirorbis worm tubes; pervasive burrow disruption; one 2-mm-thick burrow is filled with micritic sediment and PE34 calcite cement 0.08 0.3
3. Boxwork mudstone, tan; some boxwork fractures display botryoidal PF-B32 cement 0.2 0.7
2. Fenestral mudstone, with pervasive diagenetc disruption of laminations by cross-textural growth of PB56 calcite crystals 0.01 0.03
1. Shale, yellow to tan at top; grades into mudstone, gray to white, blocky, terrigenous, with depth    

graphic version of section 6
Outcrop 6--NW NW sec. 35, T. 16 S., R. 11 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is in pasture near stream. Thickness
m ft
10. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many brachiopods 0.35 1.1
9. Shale, greenish-gray to tan, noncalcareous, covered in part 0.8 2.6
8. Foraminifer-ostracode wackestone, gray to white, wavy bedded, with loose Calcivertella foraminifers (20%), abundant ostracodes, many very fine sand to silt sized quartz grains and bone (?) fragments, and few tiny bivalve fragments; between-particle pore spaces filled with micrite and PE32 calcite cement 0.2 0.7
7. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray; within a foraminifer-ostracode wackestone with many bone (?) fragments; boundstone is 2.5-cm-thick peloid-alga sediment undulated into laterally linked, low-relief domes (8 cm wide, inner height of 1.5 cm); lower surface is irregular and brecciated with 3-5 mm of PE34 calcite cement separating the overlying boundstone from the underlying wackestone in geopetal fashion 0.1 0.3
6. Lime-sand grainstone, orange, with coarse sand sized lime grains (45%), few ostracode fragments, and rare tiny bivalve fragments; grains typically display orange crust of PB23 calcite cement; between-particle pore spaces generally filled with PE34 calcite cement 0.11 0.36
5. Lime-sand wackestone, orange, friable, with abundant medium sand sized lime grains; between-particle pore spaces generally filled with orange micritic mud 0.07 0.2
4. Lime-sand grainstone, orange; same as unit 6 0.02 0.07
3. Mudstone, light-gray, blocky, terrigenous 0.1+ 0.3+
2. Lenses of ostracode-peloid-quartz- silt wackestone, light-gray, with ostracodes (7%), peloids (4%), and quartz silt (2%); pervasive burrows (1 mm wide) filled with gray shale 0.02 0.07
1. Mudstone, light-gray, blocky, terrigenous    

graphic version of section 7
Outcrop 7--NE NW sec. 21, T. 17 S., R. 11 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is in gully on south side of east-west road. Thickness
m ft
8. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant fusulinids and few brachiopod fragments 0.3-0.4 1.0-1.3
7. Shale, gray, covered in part 0.8 2.6
6. Bivalve-foraminifer wackestone to packstone, light-gray with dark-gray mottling, with abundant tiny (1 mm long) fragments (8%) coated with Girvanella algae and Calcivertella foraminifers, abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers and tiny gastropods, common brachiopod fragments and ostracodes, many echinoderm fragments, few very fine sand sized quartz grains, and rare granule-size clasts of peloid-alga boundstone; between-particle pore spaces filled with micrite or PE3 calcite cement 0.13 0.43
5. Peloid-alga boundstone, dark-gray; upper surface encrusted with dense foraminifer-alga boundstone (2 mm thick), porous, with many Spirorbis worm tubes, outer edge eroded, draped by 0.5-mm-thick layer of tiny bone (?) fragments; overlain by foraminifer-ostracode packstone, light-gray, with abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers and ostracodes, common gastropods, and rare crinoids (0.5 mm in diameter); peloid-alga boundstone is 2-cm-thick layer undulated into low-relief domes (9 cm wide, inner height of 1.5 cm); peloid-alga boundstone is a laminated peloidal sediment with dense micritic laminations displaying threadlike features thought to be traces of algal filaments 0.06 0.2
4. Mudstone, white to gray, blocky, terrigenous 0.06 0.2
3. Lime-sand wackestone, orange, friable 0.04 0.13
2. Quartz-silt mudstone, gray to white, with abundant (2%) quartz silt and rare ostracode fragments 0.06 0.2
1. Shale (?), covered    

graphic version of section 9
Outcrop 9--NE NE sec. 26, T. 18 S., R. 10 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is at side of road on top of hill, south of the Neosho River. Thickness
m ft
9. Crinoid wackestone, gray 0.2 0.7
8. Covered 0.6 2.0
7. Foraminifer-ostracode packstone, white-gray, with loose Calcivertella foraminifers (15%) and ostracodes (4%), many quartz-silt grains and tiny bivalve fragments, and rare gastropods and tiny micritic intraclasts; some PE32 calcite cement in between-particle pore spaces 0.03 0.1
6. Intraclast-foraminifer-ostracode wackestone and packstone, light-gray; interbedded with shale containing 2% quartz silt and abundant medium lime sand; packstone and wackestone areas contain abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers, ostracodes, and intraclasts, few crinoids (0.5 mm in diameter), and rare gastropods, brachiopod fragments, and bryozoan fragments; intraclasts range in size from 2 mm to 2 cm thick and are up to 20 cm long and are composed of peloid-alga boundstone with abundant 1-4-mm-thick encrustations of foraminifer-alga growths; clasts are horizontally situated or inclined at low angles and generally display brecciated, eroded edges 0.19 0.62
5. Lime-sand packstone, orange, with abundant ostracodes and tiny bivalve fragments and rare Gyrogonites; interbedded with lense of cream-colored mudstone 0.13 0.42
4. Interlaminated quartz-silt wackestone and siltstone, calcareous, yellow, top tan, with medium-sized quartz silt 0.07 0.2
3. Shale, gray to white 0.8 2.6
2. Mudstone, buff, with common ostracodes and quartz silt, disrupted laminations 0.1 0.3
1. Shale, gray to white    

graphic version of section 11
Outcrop 11--SE NE sec. 24, T. 19 S., R. 9 E., Chase County. Outcrop is in ditch at side of road. Thickness
m ft
5. Covered    
4. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant fusulinids toward top, many brachiopods 0.23-0.32 0.75-1.0
3. Covered; contains abundant float (lenses?) of crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant fusulinids and brachiopods 0.8 2.6
2. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray to red-brown; upper surface encrusted with Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone (0.2-1 cm thick), porous, with eroded edges and truncated upper surface; overlain and underlain by foraminifer-ostracode packstone to wackestone, light-gray, with loose Calcivertella foraminifers (15%) and ostracodes (10%) and many very fine quartz sand grains and gastropods; upper part contains few crinoids and brachiopod fragments; lower part (underlying peloid-alga boundstone) contains tiny pebble-size intraclasts of peloid-alga boundstone and 4-mm-thick by 6-cm-wide peloid-alga (?) lenses; peloid-alga boundstone is 6 cm high, laterally linked, columnal to domal, flat topped, separated every 10 cm by channel rills (1 cm wide and 4 cm deep), with ragged edges; rills and larger pores generally filled with foraminifer-ostracode packstone; dark-gray shale to mudstone fills upper part of some large pores; domal features (2 cm inner height) visible only on basal surface of the 6-cm-thick layer of peloid-alga boundstone 0.1 0.3
1. Shale, yellow to tan    

graphic version of section 12
Outcrop 12--SW SW sec. 33, T. 19 S., R. 10 E., Lyon County. Excellent exposure along road, south of creek. Thickness
m ft
12. Fusulinid wackestone, gray, with many crinoids and brachiopod fragments 0.2 0.7
11. Shale (blocky, terrigenous mudstone), greenish-gray at top, to calcareous shale, tan, toward base, with abundant fusulinids; lenses of fusulinid packstone occur near base 1.0 3.3
10. Mudstone, gray, with few brachiopods 0.25 0.82
9. Shale, yellow, silty 0.11 0.36
8. Fusulinid packstone, light-gray 0.1 0.32
7. Shale, buff, calcareous, with pods of fusulinid packstone near top 1.4 4.6
6. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant brachiopods and gastropods near base 0.4-0.5 1.3-1.6
5. Shale, gray at top, red and orange streaks in middle, tan in lower part, fissile 0.6 2.0
4. Quartz-sand-foraminifer wackestone (at top) to packstone (at base), light-gray, wavy bedded, with very fine to fine grained quartz sand (3%) and loose Calcivertella foraminifers (3%), abundant silt-sized brown organic particles (plants?), many ostracodes and bone (?) fragments, few brachiopod fragments and Bradyina foraminifers, and rare tiny bivalve fragments and crinoids; numerous gray shale partings 0.08-0.1 0.26-0.32
3. Peloid-alga boundstone, buff to orange at base; upper surface encrusted with 1-cm-thick foraminifer-alga boundstone, dense, porous, with abundant Spirorbis worm tubes; bisaccate palynomorph noted in a peloid lamination; peloid-alga boundstone has high domal features (6-7.5 cm high, 13-15 cm wide, inner height of 2-3 cm) and is internally composed of laminations of micritic peloids and micritic sediment with dark ribbons or threads (0.002 mm thick), assumed to be traces of algal filaments; domes overlie and cup cores of orange calcareous shale or terrigenous mudstone 0.07-0.15 0.23-0.49
2. Lime-sand packstone, orange, with medium sand sized lime grains (25%), few ostracodes, tiny bivalve fragments, and Gyrogonites, and rare tube-shaped gastropods; interlaminated at base with orange shale and mudstone 0.03-0.1 0.1-0.3
1. Shale, tan to gray    

graphic version of section 13
Outcrop 13--NW sec. 3, T. 20 S., R. 7 E., Chase County. Outcrop is at YMCA Camp Wood, in creek ravine northeast of lake. Thickness
m ft
9. Covered    
8. Fusulinid wackestone to packstone (almost a grainstone near base), gray, with abundant 1-mm bioclasts, many biserial foraminifers and ostracodes, few crinoids, coated grains, and brachiopod fragments, and rare trilobite fragments and dasyclad algae; brachiopods more abundant near base 0.44 1.4
7. Covered (shale, yellow?) 1.4 4.6
6. Brachiopod mudstone, tan, friable, platy, with few Neochonetes and dictyoclostid brachiopods and rare echinoderm, trilobite, and bryozoan fragments 0.2 0.7
5. Shale, yellow 0.08 0.3
4. Brachiopod packstone, greenish-gray to yellow-gray, with abundant Neochonetes and Chonetina brachiopods, many bryozoan and echinoderm fragments, few dictyoclostid brachiopods and bivalve fragments, and rare gastropod and trilobite fragments; a few brachiopod spines are encrusted with Calcivertella foraminifers 0.1 0.3
3. Shale, yellow to dark-gray at base, fissile 0.3 1.0
2. Fusulinid-bioclast packstone, gray, with abundant < 1-mm-size bivalve clasts and fusulinids, common brachiopod fragments, many crinoids and biserial foraminifers, and few ostracodes and Amphiscapha gastropods; weathers into large resistant blocks 0.32 1.0
1. Shale, black, fissile; lower contact submerged below water line of creek 0.84 2.8

graphic version of section 15
Outcrop 15--NE NW sec. 9, T. 20 S., R. 10 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is in cutbank on south side of creek, about 90 m (300 ft) south of road. Thickness
m ft
8. Covered    
7. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray to buff; upper surface encrusted with 5-mm-thick foraminifer-alga boundstone, porous, with few Spirorbis worm tubes; overlain by foraminifer-ostracode-quartz-sand packstone to wackestone (a wackestone with brachiopod fragments and spines occurs 5 mm above boundstone), total thickness unknown; peloid-alga boundstone is 3.5-cm-thick undulated mats of laminated peloidal sediment, 22 cm wide, with low domal features (11 cm wide, inside height of 1 cm) on basal surface and curled-under edges; space beneath domes was filled with a shale, now weathered out 0.06 0.2
6. Lime-sand packstone, orange, crossbedded, with abundant coarse to medium sand sized lime grains (45%) and tiny bivalve fragments, many granule-size lime grains, and rare ostracodes; crossbeds at low angle and delineated by drapes of orange shale laminations; between-particle pore spaces filled with orange micritic material and PE5 calcite cement; grain-size distribution displays fining-upward trend; relief noted on basal surface 0.07-0.16 0.23-0.52
5. Boxwork mudstone, tan; rectangular fractures (mud cracks?) noted on upper surface; no fossils 0.32 1.0
4. Mudstone, tan to gray, blocky, terrigenous 0.7 2
3. Shale, gray, fissile 2 7
2. Ostracode-quartz-silt-peloid wackestone, gray, interlaminated with shale, green-gray; wackestone layers (5 mm thick) contain ostracodes (8%), coarse silt sized quartz grains (8%), and silt-sized micritic peloids (4%) 0.5 1.6
1. Shale, purple to red, noncalcareous, with 3-cm-diameter dolomitic nodules 2.2 7.2

graphic version of section 16
Outcrop 16--SE NW sec. 9, T. 20 S., R. 10 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is along Kansas Turnpike I-35. Thickness
m ft
8. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with common Neospirifer brachiopods; weathers to massive blocks 0.5 1.6
7. Covered 0.1 0.3
6. Bivalve-gastropod packstone, gray to yellow, with abundant myalinid bivalve fragments and Bellerophon gastropods, many granule-size mudstone lithoclasts (bored), few bryozoans, and rare red-algae fragments 0.1-0.14 0.33-0.46
5. Covered; shale at base, tan to gray, with few limestone lenses 0.7 2.3
4. Foraminifer-ostracode-quartz-sand packstone, light-gray, wavy bedded, with loose Calcivertella foraminifers (25%), ostracodes (3%), and very fine grained quartz sand (2%), many tiny gastropods, and few tiny bivalve fragments; between-particle pore spaces filled with both micritic and PE3 calcite spar 0.1 0.3
3. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray at top to orange at base; upper surface encrusted with 3-mm-thick foraminifer-alga boundstone, porous, truncated, with a few Spirorbis worm tubes; peloid-alga boundstone has linked low-relief domes (3.5 cm high, inside height 1.5-2.5 cm) and is oval to bowling pin shape (6 cm wide and 12 cm long; long dimension trends N. 45° E.) 0.02-0.04 0.07-0.13
2. Lime-sand packstone, orange, crossbedded 0.04-0.1 0.13-0.3
1. Boxwork mudstone; covered at base    

graphic version of section 17
Outcrop 17--SE SW sec. 14, T. 20 S., R. 10 E., Lyon County. Outcrop is at side of road. Thickness
m ft
7. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many brachiopods; wavy lamination of fossil fragments near base 0.53 1.7
6. Shale, gray, with lenses of brachiopod wackestone near top; base covered 0.4 1.3
5. Covered; shale at base, gray, fissile 0.6 2.0
4. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray to orange, encrusted with rare patches of tiny (1 cm wide by 2 mm high) foraminifer-algal growths; overlain by 2-mm-thick drape of foraminifer-ostracode-quartz-silt-quartz-sand packstone, gray, with abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers, ostracodes, bone (?) fragments, and quartz silt to fine-grained sand; overlies 2-mm-thick layer of interlaminated orange shale and peloidal mudstone; boundstone occurs in laterally discontinous flat mats (1-2 cm thick, 20 cm wide), oval in plan view, edges of mat curled under and back about 3 cm; upper 1 cm of boundstone contains horizontal fenestral pores filled with dirty PE4 or pendant PB-F43 calcite cement; upper surface displays parallel shallow grooves or troughs (oscillation ripples?), 5 mm deep with wave-length of 2 cm, long dimension trends N. 45° E.; basal surface displays low-relief (<4 mm) wavy pattern 0.02 0.07
3. Shale, tan to gray 0.02 0.07
2. Lime-sand grainstone, orange, conglomeratic, with fine sand sized lime clasts (30%), abundant pebble-size lime clasts, many ostracode and tiny bivalve fragments, and rare gastropods and Gyrogonites; grains typically have orange PF23 calcite crust; between-particle pore spaces filled with PE3 calcite cement 0.05 0.16
1. Boxwork mudstone, cream-gray to tan, friable, contains root (?) molds; covered toward base 0.5 1.6

graphic version of section 18
Outcrop 18--SE sec. 25, T. 21 S., R. 9 E., Chase County. Outcrop is on south bank of small creek. Thickness
m ft
8. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with few brachiopods 0.36 1.2
7. Covered 1.6 5.2
6. Shale, gray and tan, laminated 0.4 1.3
5. Mudstone, white, terrigenous, blocky 0.02 0.07
4. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray to light-brown; encrusted with Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone growths, porous, 0.5-1 cm thick, upper part truncated; overlain by Calcivertella packstone, with abundant ostracodes and rare bryozoan fragments, gastropods, and Gyrogonites; overlies a 4-mm-thick wavy laminated mudstone; peloid-alga boundstone has total thickness of 1.5-2 cm, wavy-laminated in lower part with microcolumnar features (1 cm wide, 1.5 cm high) in upper part, typically linked toward top; troughs generally have ragged edges and are filled with ostracode packstone; some ragged pores may be current erosion features or pores enlarged by grazing metazoans; convex-up arc-shaped fenestral pores display lath-shaped calcite pseudomorphs after selenite (?) 0.07 0.2
3. Mudstone, gray, terrigenous, blocky 0.01-0.08 0.03-0.3
2. Lime-sand packstone, orange with yellow clasts, conglomeratic, with abundant medium sand sized to pebble-size lime grains, abundant tiny bivalve fragments and ostracodes, few tubular gastropods, and rare Gyrogonites; abundant mudstone stringers 0.27 0.89
1. Boxwork mudstone, tan to gray, terrigenous 2.6+ 8.5+

graphic version of section 20
Outcrop 20--SW SE sec. 23, T. 23 S., R. 10 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is along road on hill. Thickness
m ft
16. Crinoid-brachiopod wackestone, gray 0.3 1.0
15. Shale, gray, calcareous, with abundant Neospirifer brachiopods 0.1 0.3
14. Fusulinid packstone, wavy bedded 0.15 0.49
13. Shale, orange to tan 0.5 1.6
12. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with many bryozoan and brachiopod fragments 0.45 1.5
11. Shale, tan to orange, with rare thin beds of quartz sandstone 0.5 1.6
10. Interbedded quartz sandstone and silty shale, orange to tan, micaceous, with very fine sand (65%), common ostracode fragments, and horizontal laminations (8 mm thick) 0.5 1.6
9. Shale, orange, tan, purple-brown, and gray 0.9 3.0
8. Brachiopod wackestone, yellow, shaly, with abundant foraminifers and productid brachiopod fragments and spines, common crinoids, and few Derbyia brachiopods, gastropods, bryozoan fragments, and ostracodes; interlaminated with yellow calcareous shale 0.04 0.13
7. Peloid-alga boundstone, yellow-gray to yellow-orange at base; encrusted with 2-cm-thick Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone, porous, palmate to digitate; overlain by ostracode-Calcivertella wackestone to packstone, 2 cm thick, with calcareous shale stringers (one of which drapes top of boundstone) and quartz sand; overlies 8-mm-thick wavy-laminated quartz-silt mudstone; peloid-alga boundstone occurs in thin, flat mats (30 cm wide, 6 mm thick), horizontal to wavy bedded, with curled-under edges 0.06 0.2
6. Lime-sand wackestone, orange, friable, with abundant ostracodes, Gyrogonites, and tiny bivalve fragments 0.04 0.13
5. Mudstone, white, friable toward base, with rare tubular to ram's horn shaped gastropods; 2-cm-thick upper crust displays polygonal crack patterns 0.13 0.42
4. Mudstone, orange to gray, terrigenous, powdery 0.07 0.23
3. Mudstone, tan, brown, and gray, with pervasive skew planes and horizontal joint planes or fenestral pores 0.27 0.89
2. Mudstone, orange, terrigenous, powdery, with thin resistant domal structures (3 cm wide, 1 cm high) (algal boundstone lenses?) 0.02 0.07
1. Boxwork mudstone, tan to white, terrigenous    

graphic version of section 21
Outcrop 21--NW sec. 5, T. 24 S., R. 10 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is in pasture along west side of stream. Thickness
m ft
11. Covered    
10. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with few fusulinids 0.33 1.1
9. Covered 0.05 0.16
8. Upper 0.05 m: Brachiopod wackestone, with abundant productid brachiopods and spines and tiny bivalve fragments, many very fine quartz-sand grains (2%), few bryozoan fragments; pervasive burrows filled with calcareous shale, dark-gray. Lower part: Bellerophon-brachiopod packstone, gray with yellow-stained areas, with rare fenestrate bryozoans; 1-cm gastropods and fragments of Derbyia bennetti? arranged in horizontal layers 0.29 0.95
7. Shale, yellow, calcareous, with rare thin lenses of very fine grained quartz sandstone 0.37 1.2
6. Quartz sandstone, yellow to tan, very fine grained sand (40%), micaceous, some quartz-silt grains, few ostracodes, quartz cement in between-particle pore spaces; layers about 1 cm thick interbedded with yellow calcareous shale 0.5 1.6
5. Shale, tan to gray, calcareous 1.6 5.2
4. Foraminifer-ostracode wackestone, white, with Calcivertella foraminifers (15%) and ostracodes (3%), common tiny bivalve and bone (?) fragments, few quartz-silt grains, gastropods, and bryozoan fragments, and rare tiny mudstone clasts 0.16 0.52
3. Peloid-alga boundstone, white to tan; upper surface encrusted with patches of 1-cm-thick porous Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone; peloid-alga boundstone occurs as linked domes, some fractured and flattened, oval outline in plan view (15 x 10 cm); dome height is 5 cm 0.03-0.06 0.1-0.2
2. Upper part: Quartz-silt shale, orange, calcareous, mudcracked, with many Gyrogonites. Lower part: Lime-sand wackestone, orange, conglomeratic, with abundant pebble-size clasts of white mudstone and coarse lime sand, common ostracodes and tiny bivalve fragments, and many tubular gastropod (?) fragments 0.08 0.3
1. Mudstone, gray to tan, terrigenous, blocky    

graphic version of section 22
Outcrop 22--NE NE sec. 36, T. 24 S., R. 9 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is near top of hill on west side of road. Thickness
m ft
5. Covered; crinoid wackestone, gray, rubble at top of hill    
4. Bivalve-foraminifer wackestone to packstone, gray, with abundant bone (?) fragments, ostracodes, and loose Calcivertella foraminifers, few gastropods, and rare loose Tetrataxis foraminifers; tiny bivalve fragments (4 mm long), moldic, seem to have been from a thin-shelled bivalve, 5 mm long; loose foraminifers typically have arc-shaped base, suggesting earlier encrustation on an object (aquatic vegetation?) with a diameter of 0.5 mm; tiny burrows filled with foraminifer mudstone 0.1 0.3
3. Peloid-alga boundstone, gray to tan, burrowed; overlain by drape of bone-gastropod-Calcivertella wackestone with abundant ostracodes, common bryozoan fragments, few quartz-sllt grains, and rare tiny bivalve fragments; upper surface of peloid-alga boundstone encrusted with digitate growths (1 cm high, 2 cm wide) of foraminifer-alga boundstone, very porous, containing few Spirorbis worm tubes; peloid- alga boundstone occurs as tiny columns (2 cm wide by 3 cm high), typically separated by 4-mm-wide troughs and linked horizontally by laminations at top; troughs generally have ragged edges and are filled with ostracode-peloid wackestone, with gray mudstone just under linking laminations; tiny columns developed on wavy surface that delineates low domes (14 cm wide by 2 cm high) 0.07 0.2
2. Lime-sand wackestone, orange; interlayered with shale, orange, calcareous 0.02 0.07
1. Shale, gray    

graphic version of section 23
Outcrop 23--SW sec. 1, T. 26 S., R. 8 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is between old and new US-54, west of Reese, Kansas. Thickness
m ft
21. Covered
20. Fusulinid wackestone, gray, cherty, with abundant fusulinids, few crinoids, rare solitary corals; lenticular chert layer near top 0.56 1.8
19. Fusulinid mudstone, gray, platy 0.06 0.2
18. Crinoid wackestone, dark-gray, rare fusulinids; crinoid diameter 1-5 mm 0.39 1.3
17. Fusulinid-gastropod wackestone, gray; abundant bellerophontid gastropods near base 0.3 1.0
16. Mudstone, gray, shaly, with abundant fusulinids and crinoids 0.18 0.59
15. Covered interval with 0.03 in of fusulinid mudstone exposed near top 1.5 4.9
14. Gastropod wackestone, yellowish-gray, with abundant bellerophontid gastropods 0.11 0.36
13. Shale, yellow, calcareous, with lenses of brachiopod-crinoid wackestone, yellow, burrowed, with abundant Derbyia brachiopods and fenestrate bryozoans, few ostracodes, and rare mobile foraminifers 1.6 5.2
12. Fusulinid wackestone, gray, cherty, with abundant fusulinids in upper part and abundant 1-mm-diameter crinoids 0.36 1.2
11. Shale, yellow, calcareous, with abundant fusulinids 0.18 0.59
10. Fusulinid-crinoid wackestone, gray, cherty, with bedded chert in middle of bed 0.57 1.9
9. Shale, yellow and black, fissile 1.1 3.6
8. Crinoid wackestone, gray, with abundant 1-mm-diameter crinoids and common 1-cm-diameter crinoids; calcareous shale parting occurs 0. 16 in from top 0.8 2.6
7. Shale, yellow and gray 2.54 8.33
6. Foraminifer wackestone to mudstone, whitish-gray, burrowed, with abundant Calcivertella foraminifers (8%), productid brachiopod fragments and spines, and ostracodes, many crinoid fragments and gastropods, and few Globivalvulina and Nodasaria foraminifers; tiny bivalve fragments abundant in upper 2 cm; gastropods and crinoids become rare toward base; burrows (4 mm in diameter) filled with foraminifer mudstone 0.31 1.0
5. Peloid-quartz-silt mudstone to wackestone, light-gray, planar bedded, no fossils, ripple laminated; micritic peloids up to 30% of rock; wavy base; 5-mm-thick horizontal layers display fining-upward trend in peloid size from fine-grained sand to coarse-grained silt 0.15-0.22 0.49-0.72
4. Peloid-quartz- silt mudstone and boundstone, light-brown; mudstone contains few ostracodes and tiny bivalve fragments and, toward top, abundant quartz silt; boundstone occurs as 21-cm-long, 10-cm-wide, 2-cm-thick plates with curled-under edges; plates contain 2-cm-wide hemispherical mounds with turned-down edges, suggestive of algal growth; tiny mound features are made of peloid mudstone and contain no laminations or other internal features (such as threadlike tubes or between-peloid spar) typically seen elsewhere in peloid-alga boundstone 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.10
3. Peloid-quartz-silt wackestone, yellow to orange, with many tiny bivalve fragments and ostracodes, horizontal joint cracks 0.02 0.07
2. Lime- sand-bivalve packstone to grainstone, orange, with coarse to fine sand sized lime grains (40%), tiny bivalve fragments, common ostracodes, few Gyrogonites, and rare fine quartz-sand grains; grains display PE1 crust; between-particle pore spaces filled with PE34 spar cement 0.1 0.3
1. Mudstone, yellow to tan, terrigenous, blocky; lower part covered but float indicates boxwork terrigenous mudstone    

graphic version of section 24
Outcrop 24--SE SE sec. 31, T. 26 S., R. 9 E., Greenwood County. Poor exposure along road. Thickness
m ft
4. Covered, with large blocks of crinoid wackestone, gray, at top of hill, 1 m above unit 3    
3. Upper 0.19 m: Brachiopod-bivalve-foraminifer wackestone, gray, with abundant productid brachiopods, Myalina (?) and pectinoid bivalves, and loose Calcivertella and Globivalvulina foraminifers, many crinoid fragments, and few ostracodes, gastropods, and fenestrate bryozoans. Lower 0.18 m: Peloid-alga boundstone, gray, with in situ brecciation and partially ripped up clasts, laterally transitional with intraclast-lime-sand wackestone, yellow, orange, and brown, with abundant broken Spirorbis tubes, tiny bivalve fragments, and ostracodes and rare foraminifer-algal oncolites, bryozoan fragments, and Gyrogonites; intraclasts consist of peloid-alga boundstone, typically with a subsequent peloid-algal encrustation; directly overlying peloid-alga boundstone is peloid-Syzrania (foraminifer) wackestone to mudstone, dark-gray, with rip-up clasts of peloid-alga boundstone and small burrows filled with wackestone from above; peloid-alga boundstone overlies thin layer of ostracode-quartz-sand-lime-sand wackestone to mudstone, orange, with few tiny bivalve fragments; boundstone occurs as tall domes (3 cm high, 4.5 cm wide), overlain by 3-cm-thick disrupted horizontal layers; layers incorporate fine lime sand, tiny bivalves, and ostracodes in addition to silt-size micritic peloids typically found elsewhere in peloid-alga boundstone 0.37 1.2
2. Lime sand to pebble-quartz -silt packstone, orange, with abundant tiny bivalve fragments, many ostracodes, few Spirorbis tubes, and rare Gyrogonites 0.11 0.36
1. Shale, gray to yellow    

graphic version of section 25
Outcrop 25--NE NW sec. 36, T. 27 S., R. 8 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is on west side of road on north side of ravine. Thickness
m ft
10. Covered    
9. Fusulinid wackestone, gray, cherty, with rare crinoids; chert bed in middle 0.72 2.4
8. Shale, gray, fissile 0.14 0.46
7. Crinoid wackestone, gray, cherty; crinoid diameter averages 1.5 mm; cherty areas contain common fusulinids 0.66 2.2
6. Covered (shale?) 0.8 2.6
5. Upper part: Foraminifer-bivalve wackestone, gray, with abundant loose Calcivertella and Globivalvulina foraminifers, large myalinid bivalves, and bryozoans, many brachiopod and echinoderm fragments, and few gastropods; infiltrated into pores within underlying boundstone; patches of bioclastic packstone present; bivalves are moldic and display pendant PB5 cement. Lower two-thirds: Peloid-alga boundstone, yellowgray, with 3-11-cm-thick brecciated laminae and erosion (?) enlarged pores; joint cracks and alveolar structures abundant in lower part; pores filled with upper-part wackestone and with ostracode-gastropod-Calcivertella wackestone; boundstone is digitate in upper part to lamellar toward base; digitate structures best developed on topographic highs delineated by basal contact of bed; rip-up clasts of boundstone numerous in base of apparent troughs within bed; upper surface and edges of some pores within boundstone encrusted with two generations of Spirorbis-foraminifer-alga boundstone growths; first generation contains abundant Spirorbis tubes and few tiny bivalves enmeshed within foraminifer-algal growths, occurs on upper surface and on edges of larger pores, and is truncated on upper surface; second generation occurs as lamellar to digitate patches of foraminifer-algal growths (6 cm wide and 3 cm high), is bored, and contains few Spirorbis worm tubes 0.2-0.56 0.7-1.8
4. Quartz-sand-quartz-silt-peloid wackestone, orange- yellow, current rippled, 2.5 cm thick, with abundant ostracodes and tiny bivalve fragments and rare Gyrogonites; quartz grain distribution shows fining-upward trend from silt to very fine grained sand; quartz grains make up 5% of rock; overlies quartz-silt-ostracode mudstone to boundstone with disrupted laminae and joint cracks; boundstone occurs as high oval domes (10-14 cm wide, 7 cm high); domes observed only at top of paleotopographic highs, as indicated by relief in base of unit 5 0.0-0.07 0.0-0.2
3. Shale, gray, to lime-sand mudstone, orange; shale occurs on highs under domal boundstone of unit 4; mudstone is thicker facies of unit 3 and occurs beneath troughs of unit 5 0.07-0.15 0.2-0.49
2. Box work mudstone, tan, with abundant quartz silt and joint cracks 0.03 0.1
1. Shale, brown, base covered    

graphic version of section 27
Outcrop 27--NE SE sec. 4, T. 28 S., R. 9 E., Greenwood County. Outcrop is on both sides of K-96, west of Piedmont, Kansas. Thickness
m ft
14. Covered to top of hill    
13. Wackestone, gray, cherty, skeletal, with abundant fusulinids, common large crinoids, few brachiopods; chert layer in middle contains abundant fusulinids 0.64 2.1
12. Fusulinid packstone to wackestone, gray, platy 0.11 0.36
11. Crinoid wackestone, gray, cherty, with abundant fusulinids in lower part 0.68 2.2
10. Shale, black and brown, tan near top, fissile 0.9 3.0
9. Interlayered shale, tan, and mudstone lenses, gray; lenses 3 mm thick 0.2 0.7
8. Upper part: Bivalve-foraminifer wackestone to mudstone, gray, with abundant pectinoid (Clavicosta?) bivalves and loose Calcivertella foraminifers, common crinoid and bryozoan fragments, and rare gastropods and Globivalvulina foraminifers; fills pore spaces in underlying boundstone; toward top is < 1-cm-thick discontinuous layer of skeletal packstone with abundant echinoid spines, crinoids, ostracodes, Calcivertella, and bivalve fragments. Lower two-thirds: Peloid-alga boundstone, yellow, 15-20 cm thick, brecciated, joint cracked, with pervasive erosion-enlarged pores and truncated upper surface; occurs as wavy, linked, hemispherical to horizontal laminations; on upper surface and in some pore walls are encrustations of foraminifer-alga boundstone and Spirorbis- foraminifer-alga boundstone; latter boundstone encrustations are 3-15 cm thick, truncated, contain enmeshed tiny bivalves, and are encrusted with digitate foraminifer-alga boundstone patches up to 4 cm thick; uppermost part of digitate foraminifer-algal growths are bored and contain enmeshed bryozoans; base shows maximum relief of 0.16 m 0.18-0.34 0.59-1.1
7. Mudstone, orange, friable, with abundant tiny bivalve fragments, common phosphatic bone (?) fragments, few medium-size lime-sand and quartz-silt grains, and rare ostracodes and Gyrogonites 0.0-0.04 0.0-0.13
6. Shale, brown, noncalcareous, fissile 0.3 1.0
5. Shale, white to gray, calcareous, fissile 0.14 0.46
4. Mudstone, white to tan, fractured, with rare ostracodes and pervasive horizontal joint cracks 0.2 0.7
3. Mudstone, white to gray, terrigenous, blocky 0.8 2.6
2. Mudstone, tan to brown, friable, with pervasive horizontal fenestrae or joint cracks and vague horizontal laminations (algal?) 0.4 1.3
1. Boxwork mudstone, gray to tan, terrigenous, blocky 2.0+ 6.6+

graphic version of section 28
Outcrop 28--SW NE sec. 23, T. 28 S., R. 9 E., Elk County. Outcrop is on hill on north side of road. Thickness
m ft
12. Covered    
11. Fusulinid-crinoid wackestone, gray, cherty; crinoids 1-5 mm in diameter; dark chert layer with fusulinids near top 1.3 4.3
10. Covered; dug to expose shale, brown, fissile, near base 1.0 3.3
9. Upper 0.25 m: Brachiopod-bivalve-foraminifer wackestone, gray, with abundant brachiopods (15%) (Linoproductus, Derbyia bennetti, dictyoclostids), pectinoid and myalinid bivalves, loose Calcivertella and Globivalvulina foraminifers (2%), fenestrate bryozoans, gastropods, echinoid fragments and spines, and peloids and few quartz-silt grains. Lower 0.39 m: Bivalve-foraminifer-gastropod wackestone to packstone, gray, burrowed, with abundant Calcivertella, Globivalvulina, and Syzrania foraminifers (5%), common brachiopod fragments, many crinoid fragments, few ostracodes, bryozoan fragments, and very fine grained-quartz sand, and rare Ammobaculites foraminifers and Spirorbis worm tube fragments; bivalves are tiny fragments (10%); burrows (2 cm in diameter) filled with mudstone containing less fossils; tiny bivalve and brachiopod fragments decrease in abundance toward base; gastropods increase in abundance toward base 0.64 2.1
8. Shale, dark-gray, fissile 0.02 0.07
7. Peloid-alga boundstone, yellow-gray at top to orange at base, with very fine grained lime sand, tiny bivalve fragments, and interlaminated quartz-silt shale partings; occurs as flat mat at least 20 cm wide and 2 cm thick, with edges curled under; internally has undulated laminations forming low, linked hemispheres (5 mm high and 2 cm wide); upper surface encrusted with patches of foraminifer-algal growths (4 mm high and 2 cm wide); overlain by drape of muddy ostracode-echinoderm wackestone with common bone, mollusk, and bryozoan fragments and few Calcivertella foraminifers and brachiopod fragments; overlies quartz-silt-peloid-lime-sand wackestone layer (1.5 mm thick), orange, with tiny bivalve fragments and wavy laminations 0.02 0.07
6. Peloid-lime-sand-quartz-sand-quartz- silt packstone (possibly with some boundstone laminations), orange-yellow, with abundant tiny bivalve fragments, many ostracodes, and rare Gyrogonites; peloids (30%) are irregular, brown, silt-size; lime sand makes up 7% and quartz grains 5% of rock; base of layer displays convex-up plates (6 x 3 x 0.3 cm) suggestive of desiccation polygons in algal laminated sediment 0.01 0.03
5. Shale, tan-brown 0.2 0.7
4. Ostracode-peloid wackestone, tan, with abundant quartz silt; ostracodes (5-10%) are thin shelled; peloids (3%) are micritic and fine sand sized 0.2 0.7
3. Mudstone, gray, terrigenous, blocky 0.45 1.5
2. Peloid-lime-sand wackestone, orange-tan, muddy, laminated, with rare horizontal joint cracks or fenestrae; peloids (10%) are very fine sand sized; lime sand (5-25%) is fine sand sized 0.35 1.1
1. Shale, yellow; base covered    

graphic version of section 29
Outcrop 29--SW SW sec. 3 1, T. 28 S., R. 9 E., Elk County. Outcrop is on north side of road. Thickness
m ft
14. Covered    
13. Fusulinid wackestone, gray 0.23 0.75
12. Covered 1.3 4.3
11. Fusulinid wackestone to crinoid wackestone, gray, cherty; fusulinids abundant toward top; crinoids (1-4 mm in diameter) abundant in lower 0.45 m 0.7 2
10. Covered 0.7 2
9. Shale, gray, fissile 0.4 1.3
8. Upper 0.18 m: Ooid-bivalve-foraminifer wackestone, gray, with abundant bryozoan fragments, many ostracodes and brachiopod and echinoderm fragments, and common gastropods; ooid coatings on most of abundant coarse lime-sand grains and on a few of abundant loose Calcivertella foraminifers; Calcivertella abundant both loose and encrusting tiny bivalve fragments; other foraminifers include many Globivalvulina and Ammobaculites. Middle: Foraminifer-bryozoan-quartz-silt-quartz-sand wackestone, gray, with abundant Calcivertella, many ostracodes and gastropods, few tiny bivalve and brachiopod fragments and coated grains, and rare echinoderm fragments and phosphatic bone (?) fragments. Lower 0.16 m: Lime-conglomerate-Calcivertella-ostracode packstone, with many tiny bivalve fragments, common quartz silt to sand grains, few bryozoan and phosphatic bone (?) fragments, and rare Spirorbis tubes and echinoderm fragments; conglomerate (20%) consists of coarse sand sized to pebble-size lime lithoclasts, which are rounded to angular, fractured, and contain ostracode fragments 0.61 2.0
7. Shale, yellow to gray, fissile 0.13 0.43
6. Ostracode wackestone, mottled buff and gray, brecciated, with possible alveolar root structures 0.2 0.7
5. Shale, yellow to gray, and lense of ostracode wackestone, mottled buff and gray, brecciated 0.27 0.89
4. Ostracode-quartz-silt mudstone, brecciated; lower 1 cm is ostracode-quartz-silt wackestone, gray to buff, laterally discontinous; ostracodes most abundant in tiny burrows and in fractures in brecciated mudstone; mudstone has fine contorted laminations suggestive of algal growth; in situ brecciation suggests desiccation and root effects 0.1 0.3
3. Shale, gray, yellow, and orange, fissile 0.24 0.79
2. Quartz-silt mudstone, buff-white to yellow, fenestral, with a characteristic weathered surface resembling popcorn 0.15 0.49
1. Boxwork mudstone, tan, with abundant quartz silt and extensive horizontal joint and craze plane fractures 1.0+ 3.3+

graphic version of section 31
Outcrop 31--SW sec. 32, T. 29 S., R. 9 E., Elk County. Outcrop is at end of road at top of hill. Thickness
m ft
6. Fusulinid wackestone to crinoid wackestone, gray; fusulinids abundant toward top; erodes as massive blocks 0.4 1.3
5. Covered 1.0 3
4. Bivalve-Calcivertella-bryozoan wackestone, gray, with many ostracodes, few Globivalvulina foraminifers and quartz silt grains, and rare gastropods, lime granules, and crinoids; bivalves are pectinoid and myalinid forms; at base are loose, rounded, elongate (0.8 x 8 cm) lithoclasts consisting of encrusted, imbricated peloid-alga-Spirorbis wackestone to mudstone intraclasts containing ostracode fragments and quartz silt 0.5 1.6
3. Shale, yellow to gray, calcareous 1.0 3.3
2. Intraclast-ostracode wackestone, buff to gray; intraclasts composed of alga boundstone and mudstone, angular to rounded with some in situ brecciation, and set in micritic (mud) matrix; laterally discontinuous 0.1 0.3
1. Shale, yellow to gray; lower contact not determined    

graphic version of section 32
Outcrop 32--NW sec. 20, T. 30 S., R. 9 E., Elk County. Poor exposure along east side of road. Harbaugh and Demirmen (1964) reported that the main ledge or middle limestone of the Americus Limestone Member is highly atypical at this locality, and they used data from this single locality to suggest the presence of a tiny shoal or tidal flat in the middle of the generally normal marine paleoenvironments of the middle limestone. Examination of their fig. 2 (Harbaugh and Demirmen, 1964, p. 3) suggests that they correlated the middle limestone with unit 6 at this locality. Although the rocks at this outcrop are generally poorly exposed, the stratigraphic position (see outcrop 29, this appendix) and the characteristic fossils and other constituents of unit 6 indicate that this unit is the lower limestone of the Americus rather than the middle limestone. Harbaugh and Demirmen's apparent miscorrelation explains the apparent atypical nature of the middle limestone at this location [see Harbaugh and Demirmen (1964, locality 5, figs. 3 and 15)]. Thickness
m ft
10. Fusulinid wackestone, gray, cherty, with abundant brachiopods and crinoids; poorly exposed; difficult to determine lower and upper contacts ? ?
9. Covered; float suggests may be limestone 1.0 3.3
8. Bivalve-coated- grain-quartz-sand packstone, gray, with many crinoids and brachiopods; bivalves occur as tiny fragments ≥0.15 ≥0.49
7. Covered; float in upper 0.3 in indicates presence of limestone near top 0.9 3.0
6. Upper 0.2 m: Calcivertella-bivalve wackestone, gray, with abundant coarse quartz-silt grains, many Globivalvulina foraminifers, gastropods, bryozoans, and ostracodes, few crinoid fragments and Ammobaculites foraminifers, and rare tiny lithoclasts; bivalves occur as tiny fragments. Middle 0.14 m: Calcivertella-ostracode wackestone, gray, with abundant quartz silt grains, many Globivalvulina foraminifers, common tiny lime lithoclasts, and few crinoid fragments. Base: Lime-conglomerate-Calcivertella wackestone to packstone, gray, with abundant peloids, few grapestone clumps, quartz silt, and bryozoan fragments and rare bivalve fragments and Spirorbis worm tubes; conglomerate clasts (30% of basal part of rock) consist of coarse sand sized to pebble-size mudstone lithoclasts containing ostracode fragments, typically encrusted with foraminifers 0.7 2.3
5. Boxwork mudstone, tan, desiccation cracked 0.2 0.7
4. Covered; float indicates boxwork mudstone, buff to tan 3.8 12
3. Quartz-sand-Calcivertella wackestone, dark-gray, with many pectinoid bivalves, few ostracodes, and rare bryozoan fragments; quartz sand is fine grained 0.3 1.0
2. Covered 1.9 6.2
1. Crinoid wackestone, dark-gray to orange, burrowed; shale at base, gray 1.3 4.3

graphic version of section 35
Outcrop 35--SE SE sec. 21, T. 32 S., R. 8 E., Cowley County. Outcrop is on north side of K-38. Thickness
m ft
9. Covered    
8. Fusulinid wackestone, dark-gray, resistant, with some chert 0.7 2
7. Shale, gray, fissile 0.07 0.2
6. Crinoid wackestone, dark-gray, with abundant crinoid ossicles (2 mm in diameter) 0.76 2.5
5. Shale, yellow in upper part, dark-gray in middle, light-gray in lower 22 cm, fissile to platy; grades into shaly limestone at base 0.9 3
4. Foraminifer wackestone to mudstone, gray to buff. Upper part: Calcivertella wackestone, burrowed, with few productid brachiopods, ostracodes, and crinoids. Lower part: Calcivertella mudstone, burrowed, interlayered with Calcivertella-productid-gastropod-lime-sand wackestone; also contains tiny bivalve, crinoid, and bryozoan fragments, very fine quartz sand, and calcareous sponge (?) spicules; many lime-sand grains have ooid coatings 0.21 0.69
3. Lime-sand-ostracode wackestone to packstone, orange to yellow, fenestral, 30% fine lime sand, 1% very fine quartz sand, abundant ostracodes, many tiny bivalve fragments; silty calcareous shale at base 0.25 0.82
2. Upper half: Calcivertella wackestone, gray, skeletal, with abundant tiny bivalve fragments, gastropods, and ostracodes and rare mobile foraminifers; burrows filled with shale. Lower half: Peloid mudstone, gray, with few gastropods, bivalve fragments, and tubular foraminifers; peloids are tiny 0.09 0.3
1. Shale to claystone, brown to gray; blocky shale in upper 0.23 m; yellow claystone in lower 0.25 m; covered at base 0.48 1.6

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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
ISBN: 1-58806-107-8
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