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Part II--The Mineral Waters of Kansas, Arranged and Classified, with Analyses, continued
Chapter XII--The Chlor-Sulfate Group
These are waters which retain many of the constituents of the chlorid group, yet contain sulfates in considerable abundance. They would have the laxative character of the strong sulfate waters mentioned in the previous group, but this would be somewhat modified by the presence of chlorids and often carbonates.
This group is represented by the following waters:
- Carbondale, Osage county, Merrill spring.
- Great Bend, Barton county.
- Great Spirit Springs, Mitchell county.
- Leavenworth, Mountain Dew.
- Lincoln Springs, Lincoln county.
- Little River, Rice county.
- Marion, Marion county, upper vein.
- Overbrook, Osage county.
- Topeka, Shawnee county, Boon well.
- Topeka, Shawnee county, Phillips's well.
Merrill Mineral Spring
Southeast of the Carbondale well, on the opposite side of the street in a little depression, is situated the Merrill mineral spring. The flow of this is said to be 600 gallons per hour, and the water is supposed to come from a fissure in the rock several hundred feet in depth. It is seventeen feet down to this fissure, and a tile two feet in diameter is cemented to this. By this means the water is brought to within eight feet of the surface, and from this point the water is raised by means of a pump and windmill and stored in a large cistern.
There was a large bath and pavilion, for the convenience of visitors, but since their destruction by fire the only improvements are the sanitarium and hotel, a few rods to the northeast of the spring, in a luxuriant grove. This sanitarium is owned by Dr. H. H. Swallow, and here a limited number of patients, especially those suffering from nervous diseases, are treated. One peculiarity of the Merrill spring is that it contains a considerable quantity of ammonia. In 1888 this fact gave rise to a special investigation by the city of Topeka. It was found to contain 0.246 parts in 100,000 of free ammonia, and 0.0018 parts in 100,000 of albuminoid ammonia. From a personal inspection of the locality, it was evident to the author that this large amount of free ammonia did not indicate any contamination by sewage or otherwise, but that the ammonia must be a natural constituent of the water of this locality. This same fact has been observed in reference to numerous other waters in the Mississippi valley.
| Merrill Spring (near Carbondale) | |
|---|---|
| Ions | Grams per liter |
| Sodium (Na) | 1.6585 |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0081 |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0088 |
| Iron (Fe) | .0006 |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0018 |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 1.6520 |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.2139 |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0018 |
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 2.7400 | 132.44 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 1.7590 | 102.60 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .0088 | 5.16 |
| Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) | .0137 | 8.00 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .0333 | 19.45 |
| Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) | .0077 | 4.52 |
| Iron carbonate (FeCO3) | .0012 | .70 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0034 | 2.00 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0025 | 1.50 |
| Organic and volatile | .0015 | .89 |
| Traces of potassium, lithium, ammonium | ||
| Total solids | 4.5711 | 277.26 |
| Analysis by Dr. Albert Merrill, St. Louis | ||
Great Bend, Barton County, Mineral Well
A well 1100 feet in depth was bored by a gas-prospecting company about 1888. Water was struck at a depth of 350 feet, and at 1000 feet salt water was found to be abundant. The water rises in a four-inch pipe, and runs over the top at a height of seventy-five feet from the ground. An analysis of the water gave the following result:
| Great Bend Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 22.4535 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 30.2609 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .6617 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .9260 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .6925 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | 1.1542 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | trace | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | trace | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 33.0587 | Chlorin (Cl) | 33.0587 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 4.7876 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 3.9896 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0506 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0400 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 1.4620 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .2990 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 7.4711 | |||
| Total | 63.7193 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 54.5380 | .3185.565 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 3.0001 | 175.236 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 2.2489 | 131.358 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.4659 | 85.623 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 2.4284 | 141.726 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0400 | 2.336 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | trace | trace |
| Totals | 63.7193 | 3721.844 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey | ||
Great Spirit Spring, Waconda, Mitchell County
This is without doubt the most interesting and the best-known mineral spring in Kansas. It is situated at Waconda station, on the Central Branch of the Missouri Pacific railroad. Tradition tells us that from the earliest times the Indians who hunted over these plains held this spring in devout reverence. We quote from the description by Professor Patrick [Trans. Kans, Acad. Sci., vol. VII, pp. 22-26]:
"The spring, distant from Cawker City about two and one-half miles, in a southeasterly direction, is just within the lower bottom of the Solomon river, being perhaps 300 feet from the first terrace, and about sixty rods from the present bed of the river. It flows, not after the manner of most springs, from some hidden nook or cavern, but from the summit of a nearly symmetrical mound, shaped like a low-statured sugar-loaf, or, to be more mathematical, like a truncated cone. This mound is forty-two feet high [see frontispiece], nearly as level on the top as a floor, and in the center of this small table-land is found the spring itself, which is quite as remarkable as are its surroundings. Instead of a gurgling rivulet, trickling away among the rocks, the visitor sees before him a smooth, almost motionless body of water, more than fifty feet across, and filling its basin to overflowing; or, if not to actual overflowing, so near it that its surface appears to be upon a level with the top of the mound, and in imminent danger of flowing over at any and all points. The only reason why such overflow does not occur is, that the rock forming the mound is very porous, and affords innumerable minute outlets, just equaling in combined capacity the subterranean inlet.
"The dimensions of the mound and basin are as follows, from actual measurements: Height of mound, 42 feet; diameter at base, 300 feet; diameter at top, 150 feet. The basin, shaped like a funnel, or better, like an inverted cone, is 35 feet deep at the center; its diameter at top, from 'water's edge to water's edge,' is, north to south, 52 feet 4 inches; east to west, 56 feet 8 inches. These figures show the surface of the pool to be very nearly circular. The limestone stratum enclosing it like a ring, of almost uniform width, makes a fine driveway for carriages, which find an easy ascent at one especially favorable point.
"The reverence with which the Indians have always regarded the 'Waconda' spring is worthy of notice, as exhibiting in a marked degree some mental traits of a race destined soon to pass away. Upon this subject my knowledge is all at secondhand, but I am fortunate in having the following statement from one of the earliest settlers of Mitchell county, now a resident of Cawker City, a man whose character vouches for the truth of his words. In response to a request from me, he writes: 'In answer will say, that through Indian interpreters I have the statement from various tribes visiting our spring, that Waconda, the daughter of a great Indian chief, at one time became infatuated with the son of another chief. The two tribes met at the spring, and, being hostile to each other, the intimacy was strongly opposed by the parents, and a conflict ensued. The lover of Waconda, being wounded and weak from loss of blood, fell or was hurled into the pool, whereupon Waconda plunged in after him, and both were drowned. Ever since the spring has been called "Waconda," or the "Great Spirit" spring, and the Indians believe that the spirit of Waconda still dwells in the mound, and sometimes becomes offended at bad Indians, and throws up vast volumes of water, drowning them. The Pottawatomies, who have often been through here in their hunts since this country was settled, could never be prevailed upon to pass the spring without stopping to have a regular powwow and dip their arrows into its waters. On one occasion we invited 300 Indians, who were on a buffalo hunt, and were camped near the spring, to come up to Cawker City and give us a war-dance. They accepted, but on no condition would they come until they had been to the spring and daubed their faces and ponies with the gray mud from its banks, and when they came their appearance in the light of the bonfires, built for the occasion, was frightful in the extreme.'
"From the same gentleman, as well as from others, I learn that many relics have been fished from the pool, including bows and arrows, a bent rifle or two, arrow-heads, colored stones, medals and beads (one medal bearing the stamp, 'The Fur Company of 1844,' and the figures of a white man and an Indian making friends over a pipe of peace), articles thrown in probably to propitiate the Great Spirit."
Plate 20--Hotel at Waconda, Great Spirit Springs.
Plate 20--Southern Exposure of Great Spirit Spring Mound.
This spring reminds one of the High Rock spring of Saratoga, N. Y., which was frequented by the Indians as early as the fourteenth century. It was called by them the "Medicine Spring of the Great Spirit." Professor Chandler, in writing of the High Rock spring, says (American Chemist. vol. II): "The spring rises in a little mound of stone three or four feet high, which appears like a miniature volcano, except that sparkling water instead of melted lava flows from its little crater. When Sir William Johnson visited the spring, in 1767, the water did not overflow the mound, but came to within a few inches of the summit, some other hidden outlet permitting it to escape." This small mound was afterwards undermined in order to repair the spring, and under it were found four logs, two of which rested on the other two at right angles, forming a curb. These rested on the black soil of a previous swamp. It was evident that the rock was built up by a deposit from the water.
Improvements
The property has been in litigation in various actions almost continuously for twelve or fifteen years, and on this account comparatively little was done towards its development for some time. There is, however, a hotel with accommodations for twenty-five guests. Hot and cold baths are provided. The present proprietor is G. W. Cooper. The grounds in the vicinity of the sanitarium have been graded, and 600 shade-trees are growing. Not less than $10,000 has been expended in fitting up the property. About 300 cases of the water were shipped last year, besides large quantities sent away in jugs and kegs.
From an examination of the locality made by the author (Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. I, p. 85), it is shown that "there is but little indication of organic matter in the water of the large spring, though there is a slimy white deposit adhering to the bottom and sides, but the water is colorless, clear, and transparent. The excess of water, instead of overflowing the bank, escapes by numerous small fissures, from ten to twenty feet down on the sides, especially on the side away from the bluff. In these lateral springs there is an abundance of green algae and a whitish scum, which seems to be detached from the bottom and to float to the surface. This has a slimy, granular feeling, suggesting in a very marked manner hydrated silica.
"The mound is situated within 200 feet of a limestone bluff, which rises perhaps twenty feet above the level of the spring. The natural inference would be that the harder material of the mound protected it from erosion, which carried away the rock in the valley of the Solomon on the south, and the rock between the spring and the bluff.
"Is it not possible, however, that the mound has been really made by the successive deposits from the spring? Although the mound is plainly stratified, this need not interfere with the theory, for the water may have been intermittent in its flow. The rock is very porous, and on being ground to a thin section is shown to be concretionary in structure.
"An analysis of the water of the spring showed that it contained over 1120 grains of mineral matter per gallon, of which 775 grains were sodium chlorid and 206 grains sodium sulfate, with 66 grains of magnesium sulfate, 41 grains of magnesium carbonate, and 31 grains of calcium carbonate. An analysis by the author shows that there are 0.874 grains of silica.
"Samples of the rock composing the mound and of the adjoining bluff were secured, and comparative analyses made, with the following result:
| Country rock | Great Spirit mound |
|
|---|---|---|
| Silica and insoluble residue | 2.14 | 4.10 |
| Oxides of iron and alumina | 3.22 | 2.66* |
| Sulfuric anhydrid | .00 | 0.34 |
| Carbon dioxid | 40.90 | 39.10 |
| Calcium oxid | 51.90 | 41.28 |
| Magnesium oxid | .63 | 1.15 |
| Water and organic matter undetermined | 1.21 | 3.37† |
| 100.00 | 100.00 | |
| Specific gravity | 2.52 | 2.79 |
| * Mostly FeO, and so calculated. † With alkalies. |
||
The rocks are entirely different in appearance and structure, that of the mound being twice as hard as that of the bluff. The former contains much organic matter, as is shown by blackening when it is heated in a tube and by its giving off a characteristic odor. The iron is practically of the ferrous variety, probably combined with carbonic acid, and the rock contains traces of chlorids. The particular sample taken was at some distance from the spring, and had been thoroughly exposed to the weather.
"The rock of the mound is of just such a character as might have been built up by deposition from the water, as it contains the least soluble constituents of the water. The process of solidification would have been assisted by the silica in the water, forming insoluble cementing silicates, as noticed by Professor Patrick. The analysis given above shows that there is abundant silica in the water for this purpose.
"Mention has been made of the organic growth in the adjacent springs. The mixed scum, on being heated, changes from a dull green to a vivid grass green, and if ignited it swells up and emits an ill-smelling vapor, which is evidently nitrogenous in its character. A grayish white ash is left, which contains much carbonate of lime. This is evidently freshly deposited, as it is entangled in the algal in granular lumps.
"A specimen of the white scum noticed above only slightly mixed with the green algal, was analyzed. The acid solution of the ash contains 1.26 per cent. of soluble silica. This was of course combined silica, probably calcium silicate, which becomes the cementing material in the rock. In another sample of ash, after removing all the substances soluble in hot water, the residue was found to contain 76.46 per cent. of silica."
| Great Spirit Spring (Waconda No. 1) (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. VII. pp. 22-26) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 6.3811 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 8.6008 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2152 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3014 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .4271 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .7124 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 8.0567 | Chlorin (Cl) | 8.0567 | |
| Bromin (Br) | .0031 | Bromin (Br) | .0031 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.3054 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.7591 | |
| Nitrous acid ion (NO4) | trace | Nitrous anhydrid (N2O3) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | trace | Silica (SiO2) | trace | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 1.2016 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .2474 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 1.8210 | |||
| Total | 20,0611 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 13.2913 | 780.202 |
| Sodium bromid (NaBr) | .0040 | .234 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 3.5385 | 206.572 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .8720 | 50.933 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 1.2226 | 71.412 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.1327 | 66.161 |
| Silica (SiO2) | trace | trace |
| Nitrous acid (NO4) | minute trace | minute trace |
| Organic matter | none | none |
| Totals | 20.0611 | 1168.842 |
| Analysis by Prof. G. E. Patrick | ||
| Great Spirit Spring (Waconda No. 1) (New analysis, 1901.) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 6.3075 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 8.5007 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .1443 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .2023 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .3940 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .6573 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0060 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0078 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 7.7703 | Chlorin (Cl) | 7.7703 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.3475 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.7896 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0218 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0172 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 1.1082 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .2264 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 1.7538 | |||
| Total | 19.5260 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 12.8238 | 749.0381 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 3.7949 | 221.6600 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0987 | 1.0046 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .5852 | 34.1815 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .9786 | 57.1600 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 1.2085 | 70.5884 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0191 | 1.1156 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0172 | 5.7650 |
| Totals | 19.5260 | 1140.5132 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and D. F. McFarland. | ||
Great Spirit Spring No. 2
.It may be of interest in this connection to note the character of another, spring in the immediate vicinity (Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., vol. XIV, p. 40) This spring, "Waconda No. 2," is about half a mile southeast of the Great Spirit spring. It is surrounded on three sides by the bend of the river, and though water cannot be seen to come up through the rock, there is probably a rock deposit beneath the alluvium of the valley and no doubt the water comes up through the crevices of this rock. This spring has the following composition:
| Great Spirit Spring (Waconda No. 2) (Kans. Univ. Quart.) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Potassium (K) | .1759 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .2120 | |
| Sodium (Na) | 5.5890 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 7.5330 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2761 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3866 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .3689 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .6148 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0089 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0166 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 7.4000 | Chlorin (Cl) | 7.4000 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.2362 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.6950 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | trace | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0148 | Silica (SiO2) | .0153 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .6886 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1406 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 1.6720 | |||
| Total | 18.0305 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .3924 | 22.9201 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 12.2084 | 713.0926 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 2.4112 | 140.8382 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | trace | trace |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | 1.1185 | 65.3315 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 | 1.7349 | 101.8083 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .1331 | 7.7749 |
| Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0166 | .9696 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0153 | .8936 |
| Totals | 18.0305 | 1053.6289 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and M. E. Rice. | ||
Comparing this water with that of the Great Spirit spring as stated above, and supposing the two waters to be combined as has previously been noted, the comparison would be as follows:
| Grains per gallon | ||
|---|---|---|
| Waconda No. 2 |
Great Spirit spring |
|
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | 22.860 | |
| Sodium sulfate (NaSO4) | 143.065 | 206.357 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 711.147 | 775.703 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (Na2B4O7) | trace | |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | ||
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | ||
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 99.093 | 66.050 |
| Iron and alumina (Al2O3, Fe2O3) | .969 | |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0892 | .0874 |
It will be readily seen that these waters are much alike, and that the important constituents are in about the same proportion. As would be expected, the spring in the valley, subject. to erosion by high waters, would not show the same tendency to build up a mound as one situated on high ground.
There is still another spring a short distance south of this just described, which is immediately in the bed of the river, and covered by the stream during high water.
Leavenworth, Mountain Dew Spring
(Home-Riverside Coal-mining Company)
The water of this spring or well is obtained at a depth of sixty feet in the No. 1 plant of the Home mine. The water is discharged by the continuous operation of a Deane pump, with three-fourths-inch discharge.
| Ions | Grams per liter |
|---|---|
| Sodium (Na) | .1450 |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2115 |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1096 |
| Iron (Fe) | .0014 |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .1321 |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .8331 |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0282 |
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .2180 | 12.73 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .1820 | 10.62 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .3839 | 22.40 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .3890 | 22.70 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .5488 | 32.12 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0046 | .27 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0223 | 1.30 |
| Totals | 1.7486 | 102.14 |
| Analysis by O. F. Stafford. | ||
Lincoln County
There are three springs located eleven miles northwest of Lincoln Center. This locality is something over twenty miles southeast of the Great Spirit springs, at Waconda, in Mitchell county. The exact location is on the southwest quarter of section 1, township 10, range 8. No improvements have been made on the property. The analysis made in 1887 is as follows:
| Lincoln Springs No. 1 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 6.9939 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 9.4258 | |
| Potassium (K) | .0874 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .1054 | |
| Lithium (Li) | .0002 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .00040 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2858 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .4002 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .3990 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .6651 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0225 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0290 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0002 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0005 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 9.2465 | Chlorin (Cl) | 9.2465 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.1092 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 2.5910 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0049 | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | .0044 | |
| Nitric acid ion (NO3) | trace | Nitric anhydrid (N2O5) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0683 | Silicic anhydrid (SiO2) | .0540 | |
| Organic matter | .1000 | |||
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 1.2502 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .2557 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 2.0897 | |||
| Total | 22.0385 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 15.2496 | 890.729 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (Na4HCO3) | .0840 | 4.906 |
| Sodium sulfate (NaSO4) | 2.9611 | 172.968 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0070 | .408 |
| Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) | trace | trace |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .1950 | 11.389 |
| Lithium chlorid (LiCl) | .0013 | .075 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .9715 | 56.746 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .3930 | 22.955 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 1.9495 | 113.871 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0720 | 4.205 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0005 | .029 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0540 | 3.145 |
| Organic matter | .1000 | 5.841 |
| Totals | 22.0385 | 1287.267 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin. | ||
| Lincoln Springs No. 2 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Potassium (K) | .0516 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0622 | |
| Sodium (Na) | 7.5662 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 10.1979 | |
| Lithium (Li) | .0011 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .0262 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .3091 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .4329 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .4731 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .7886 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0008 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0020 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0021 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0047 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 10.5251 | Chlorin (Cl) | 10.5251 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.5268 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 3.0215 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0012 | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | .0045 | |
| Nitric acid ion (NO3) | trace | Nitric anhydrid (N2O3) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0145 | Silica (SiO2) | .0115 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .6196 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1260 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 2.3785 | |||
| Total | 23.4442 | |||
| Specific gravity, 1.0181 | ||||
Combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0840 | 4.9064 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0065 | .3796 |
| Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) | trace | trace |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 2.2953 | 134.0689 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 17.2617 | 1008.2569 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .1152 | 6.7288 |
| Lithium chlorid (LiCl) | .0740 | 4.3213 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.0511 | 61.3947 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.5854 | 92.6032 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .9497 | 55.4719 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0051 | .2978 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0047 | .2745 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0115 | .6717 |
| Totals | 23.4442 | 1369.3757 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin. | ||
| Lincoln Springs No. 3 Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Potassium (K) | .0070 | Potassium oxid (K2O) | .0085 | |
| Sodium (Na) | 8.4127 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 11.0389 | |
| Lithium (Li) | .2122 | Lithium oxid (Li2O) | .0261 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .2456 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .3442 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .2867 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .4779 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0011 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0030 | |
| Aluminum (Al) | .0018 | Aluminum oxid (Al2O3) | .0034 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 10.6856 | Chlorin (Cl) | 10.6856 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 3.7291 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 3.1076 | |
| Boric acid ion (B4O7) | .0038 | Boric anhydrid (B4O6) | .0023 | |
| Nitric acid ion (NO3) | trace | Nitric anhydrid (N2O5) | trace | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .3447 | Silica (SiO2) | .2723 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .6425 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1420 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | 2.4148 | |||
| Total | 24.3395 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | .0158 | .9228 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0588 | 3.4345 |
| Sodium biborate (Na2B4O7) | .0083 | .4848 |
| Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) | trace | trace |
| Sodium sulfate (NaSO4) | 3.9194 | 228.9321 |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 17.5265 | 1023.7228 |
| Lithium chlorid (LiCl) | .0740 | 4.3223 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .8359 | 48.8250 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .6007 | 35.0869 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | 1.0171 | 59.4089 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0073 | .4264 |
| Alumina (Al2O3) | .0034 | .1986 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .2723 | 15.9050 |
| Totals | 24.3395 | 1421.6701 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and E. C. Franklin | ||
Little River
On the farm of A. G. Wolf, near Little River, Rice county, a well was dug to the depth of seventy-five feet and then drilled into rock, in and below which was found an abundant supply of water. This is interesting as showing the saline character of the water at this depth. At greater depths, in nearly all sections in this locality, salt beds have been disclosed by the prospector's drill, and at Lyons and Sterling notably the salt is mined or the salt water is pumped from the well and used for the manufacture of salt. The qualitative analysis of the water of the Wolf well shows that it contains 547 grains of mineral matter per gallon, about half of which is sodium chlorid, the remainder calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate, with traces of other substances. The water is alkaline to test paper. So far it has only been used locally for skin diseases, though it is claimed to be valuable in diseases of the alimentary canal. Although this water is in reality a brine, yet cattle after a short time become accustomed to its use and seem to thrive upon it.
Marion Well (Upper Vein)
(Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XII, p. 26.) For description, chapter X.
| Grams per liter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | .4499 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .6064 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .3815 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .5341 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .2239 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .3733 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0039 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0050 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .5780 | Chlorin (Cl) | .5780 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.6482 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.3689 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0273 | Silica (SiO2) | .0216 | |
| Organic matter | trace | Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .3051 | |
| Water (H2O) | .0624 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .1306 | |||
| Total | 3.7242 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .9525 | 55.6355 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .2331 | 13.6154 |
| Sodium hydrosulfate | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .8351 | 48.7782 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | 1.1199 | 65.4133 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .5496 | 32.1021 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0124 | .7243 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0216 | 1.2616 |
| Totals | 3.7242 | 217.5304 |
Overbrook, Osage County
School District No. 96 Well
At Overbrook, Osage county, a well 144 feet deep was dug on the property of school district No. 96. The water was reached when it was down 122 feet. On account of the large amount of salt in the water, vessels in which it stood soon became incrusted. This well is located three miles south and one and one-half miles east of Overbrook. There are other wells within a mile of this which are deeper, but the water has an entirely different composition. The water attracted attention on account of the large amount of mineral salts which it contained, and the analysis given below shows that the water is not suitable to use as an ordinary potable water. The analysis is as follows:
| Saline Gypsum Well (Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. XV. p. 86) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 1.5841 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 2.1352 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .4288 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .6004 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0357 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0596 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0120 | Iron oxid (Fe2O3) | .0154 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 2.4220 | Chlorin (Cl) | 2.4220 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .9446 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .7872 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0694 | Silica (SiO2) | .0548 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .2445 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .0559 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .5464 | |||
| Total | 5.8286 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 3.9911 | 233.1201 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | .0451 | 2.6343 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | 1.1302 | 66.0151 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .3905 | 22.8091 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) | .1788 | 10.4437 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0548 | 3.2008 |
| Totals | 5.7905 | 338.2231 |
| Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey and H. E. Davies. | ||
Boon Mineral Well, Topeka
This well is situated at 618 Fillmore street, just south of the dwelling of W. J. Boon. The well, which was dug in 1884, is sixty four feet deep, forty-eight feet being in the rock. The pump is arranged to deliver the water to a tank-wagon, from which it is sold to customers. Quite a business is carried on in the manutacture and sale of carbonated water as well as in the sale of natural water to customers in the city.
| Boon Mineral Well Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 1.0310 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | 1.3912 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .0958 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .1341 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .0439 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .0452 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | 1.4240 | Chlorin (Cl) | 1.4240 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | .2602 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | .3718 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .0742 | Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) (Free and combined.) |
3.2236 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0005 | Silica (SiO2) | trace | |
| Organic matter | 3.0000 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .3218 | |||
| Total | 9.2681 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | 2.3493 | 137.2 |
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | .3299 | 19.2 |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .3160 | 18.4 |
| Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) | .0074 | .4 |
| Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) | .1355 | 6.8 |
| Silica (SiO2) | trace | trace |
| Organic matter | 3.0000 | 173.0 |
| Free carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | 3.1300 | 182.4 |
| Totals | 9.2681 | 541.4 |
| Analysis by J. T. Lovewell | ||
Phillips's Mineral Spring, Topeka
At 612 West Eighth street, in the city of Topeka, is situated a mineral spring that has attracted considerable attention. This spring or well is thirteen feet and four inches in depth, and the water rises within five feet of the surface. The water is brought to the surface by means of a chain pump, and is daily delivered to customers throughout the city. The well is covered by a small building. The analysis of this water was made in April, 1888. Another analysis of the same water, made independently at the same time, by W. B. Church, of Topeka, formerly chemist of the A. T. & S. F. railway, gave results that substantially agreed with those given below:
| Topeka (Phillips's Mineral Spring) Grams per liter |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ions | Radicals | |||
| Potassium (K) | trace | Potassium oxid (K2O) | trace | |
| Sodium (Na) | .5880 | Sodium oxid (Na2O) | .7933 | |
| Calcium (Ca) | .3304 | Calcium oxid (CaO) | .4625 | |
| Magnesium (Mg) | .1004 | Magnesium oxid (MgO) | .2090 | |
| Iron (Fe) | .0014 | Iron oxid (FeO) | .0017 | |
| Chlorin (Cl) | .3727 | Chlorin (Cl) | .3727 | |
| Sulfuric acid ion (SO4) | 1.2352 | Sulfuric anhydrid (SO3) | 1.0293 | |
| Silicic acid ion (SiO3) | .0198 | Silica (SiO2) | .0158 | |
| Carbonic anhydrid (CO2) | .7200 | |||
| Water (H2O) | .1470 | |||
| Oxygen equivalent | .0842 | |||
| Total | 3.6670 | |||
Hypothetically combined as follows:
| Grams per liter |
Grains per gallon |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) | 1.0702 | 62.5104 |
| Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) | trace | trace |
| Sodium chlorid (NaCl) | .6142 | 35.8754 |
| Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) | trace | trace |
| Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) | .7250 | 42.3472 |
| Calcium bicarbonate (CaH2(CO3)2) | .4748 | 27.7331 |
| Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH2(CO3)2) | .7628 | 44.5551 |
| Iron bicarbonate (FeH2(CO3)2) | .0042 | .2453 |
| Silica (SiO2) | .0158 | .9228 |
| Total mineral matter | 3.6670 | 214.1893 |
| Free carbonic-acid gas abundant. Temperature 17° C. (62.6° F.) Analysis by E. H. S. Bailey. |
||
Comparison of Similar Waters
Grand Rapids, Mich., Butterworth Springs
| Grains per gallon Analysis by S. P. Duffield |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 12.728 |
| Sodium carbonate | 3.472 |
| Potassium chlorid | 9.816 |
| Calcium chlorid | 6.104 |
| Calcium carbonate | 5.792 |
| Calcium sulfate | 75.136 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 41.856 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 3.456 |
| Ferrous carbonate | .704 |
| Alumina | .408 |
| Silica | .512 |
| Organic matter and loss | .664 |
| Total | 160.648 |
French Lick Springs, Indiana, Proserpine Spring
| Grains per gallon Analysis by J. G. Rogers |
|
|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 90.92 |
| Sodium carbonate | 10.52 |
| Sodium sulfate | 36.72 |
| Potassium chlorid | 5.01 |
| Calcium carbonate | 20.29 |
| Calcium sulfate | 141.00 |
| Magnesium chlorid | 8.05 |
| Magnesium sulfate | 29.33 |
| Magnesium carbonate | 4.50 |
| Iron carbonate | 2.49 |
| Silica | 1.69 |
| Total | 350.52 |
| Carbon dioxid, 10.116 cubic inches. Hydrogen sulfid, 17.000 cubic inches. |
|
Sandwich Springs, Ontario, Canada
| Grains per gallon Analysis by S. P. Duffield |
||
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | .560 | |
| Sodium carbonate | 48.560 | |
| Potassium carbonate | trace | |
| Calcium carbonate | 38.504 | |
| Calcium sulfate | 123.832 | |
| Calcium chlorid | .056 | |
| Magnesium carbonate | 12.944 | |
| Magnesium chlorid | 153.760 | |
| Silica | .112 | |
| Total | 378.328 | |
| Carbonic dioxid, 10.00 cubic inches. Hydrogen sulfid, 37,76 cubic inches. Nitrogen, .72 cubic inches. |
||
Friedrickshall; Saxe-Meiningen, Germany
| Grains per gallon Analysis by Bauer |
||
|---|---|---|
| Sodium chlorid | 538.96 | |
| Sodium sulfate | 363.84 | |
| Ammonium chlorid | .48 | |
| Potassium sulfate | .16 | |
| Calcium carbonate | .88 | |
| Calcium sulfate | 89.92 | |
| Magnesium chlorid | 248.64 | |
| Magnesium bromid | .16 | |
| Magnesium carbonate | 28.24 | |
| Magnesium sulfate | 316.40 | |
| Aluminum chlorid | .56 | |
| Silica | 1.68 | |
| Total | 1559.92 | |
| Carbon dioxid, 42.56 cubic inches. | ||
A Comparison of the Most Important Constituents of the Waters of the Chlor-sulfate Group
| Grains per gallon | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Total solids |
Sodium chlorid |
Sodium sulfate |
Calcium sulfate |
Calcium bicarbonate |
Magnesium sulfate |
Magnesium bicarbonate |
| Merrill | 277 | 132 | 102 | 5 | * 8 | 19 | * 4 |
| Great Bend | 3721 | 3185 | 175 | 131 | 85 | 141 | |
| Waconda No. 1 | 1140 | 749 | 221 | 34 | 57 | 70 | |
| Waconda No. 2 | 1053 | 713 | 140 | 65 | 101 | 7 | |
| Mountain Dew | 102 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 32 | 32 | |
| Lincoln No. 1 | 1287 | 890 | 172 | 56 | 22 | 113 | |
| Marion (upper) | 217 | 55 | 13 | 48 | 32 | 65 | |
| Overbrook | 338 | 233 | 66 | 22 | 10 | ||
| Boon | 541 | 137 | 19 | 18 | * 6 | ||
| Phillips | 214 | 35 | 62 | 42 | 27 | 44 | |
| Grand Rapids | 160 | 12 | 75 | * 5 | MgCl2 41 | * 3 | |
| French Lick | 350 | 90 | 36 | 141 | * 20 | 29 | * 4 |
| Sandwich, Ont. | 378 | 48 | 123 | * 38 | MgCl2 153 | * 13 | |
| Fried'ckshall, Ger. | 1559 | 538 | 333 | 89 | 1 | 316 | * 28 |
| * Carbonate | |||||||
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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
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