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Coal Surface Mining and Reclamation

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Appendix A—Rock Core Descriptions (Pre-Mined)

Boring C-1

Depth
(feet)
Surface elevation 925 feet
SE, NW, NW, SW, Sec. 11, T. 31 S., R. 25 E.
15.0-20.6 Shale, with laminated siltstone beds, and clay-ironstone nodules, highly weathered. Light-brown with brownish-gray areas.
20.6-22.5 Siltstone and sandstone, sandstone is very fine grained, with shaly laminae, ripple bedding. Light yellowish-brown with some gray areas.
22.5-26.0 Shale, silty, with abundant thin lenticular laminae of siltstone, well-consolidated. Gray with light-gray siltstone laminae.
26.0-26.2 Coal ("Pilot"), banded.
26.2-29.4 Shale, silty, slakes on exposure. Gray to light-gray.
29.4-30.2 Coal (Dry Wood), banded, with pyrite nodules.
30.2-32.0 Claystone (underclay), very soft, slakes on exposure. Light-gray.
32.0-37.2 Shale, increasingly carbonaceous with depth, occasional siltstone lenses, burrowed, with less burrowing in lower part. Gray.
37.2-39.2 Shale, with abundant clay-ironstone lenses and nodules, thinly laminated. Dark-gray.
39.2-40.5 Coal (Rowe), banded.
40.5-43.2 Siltstone, with carbonaceous material, extensive burrowing, occasional pyrite nodules, hard. Light-gray.
43.2 Bottom of core.

Boring C-2

Depth
(feet)
Surface elevation 920 feet
NE, SE, NE, SE, Sec. 10, T. 31 S., R. 25 E.
15.0-18.0 Sandstone and siltstone, sandstone is very fine grained, with shale partings. Light-gray with light-brown staining.
18.0-19.7 Shale, with thin laminae of siltstone and/or sandstone, very fine grained. Dark-gray with light-gray sandstone and siltstone, some light-brown staining.
19.7-22.3 Shale, with very thin siltstone partings, laminated, a few thin gypsum partings, many siltstone-filled borings. Dark-gray with light-gray siltstone, a few areas of light-brown staining.
22.3-22.5 Coal ("Pilot"), banded.
22.5-23.1 Claystone (underclay), structureless, top 0.2 foot firm, rest of zone slakes on exposure. Gray.
23.1-24.6 Shale, carbonaceous, very carbonaceous in upper 0.3 foot, poorly bedded. Slakes slightly on exposure. Dark-gray with light-gray zone near the top.
24.6-25.3 Coal (Dry Wood), banded, with some thin pyrite zones.
25.3-27.6 Claystone (underclay), structureless, slakes badly. Light-gray.
27.6-29.7 Shale, carbonaceous—increasing with depth, irregular laminae, some burrowing. Gray, dark-gray in lower 0.9 foot.
29.7-31.3 Shale, with clay-ironstone nodules and laminae up to 0.5 inch thick. Dark-gray.
31.3-32.5 Coal (Rowe), banded with pyrite and secondary gypsum.
32.5-32.7 Claystone (underclay), slakes on exposure. Light-gray.
32.7-34.7 Siltstone, extensively burrowed, contains carbonaceous material. Gray and light-gray mottles.
34.7 Bottom of core.

Boring C-3

Depth
(feet)
Surface elevation 918 feet
SW, SE, NE, SE, Sec. 10, T. 31 S., R. 25 E.
13.0-16.8 Shale, with thin lenses of fine-grained sandstones in upper 2.0 feet, laminated, occasional clay-ironstone nodules, gypsum present between some shale laminae, some burrowing. Light-brown.
16.8-20.3 Sandstone (Bluejacket), fine-grained, contains several ironstone zones, moderately well cemented, burrowed. Purplish-brown at top to yellowish-brown at the bottom.
20.3-23.2 Shale, finely laminated, some burrowing. Gray with light-brown staining.
23.2-23.8 Coal (Dry Wood), banded.
23.8-24.3 Claystone (underclay), soft, slakes badly. Gray with reddish- brown staining.
24.3-28.0 Shale, soft at top becoming increasingly consolidated toward bottom—represents transition from underclay to shale, pyrite nodules present. Upper part slakes on exposure. Gray with some light-brown staining.
28.0-32.5 Shale, carbonaceous, laminated, abundant siltstone nodules and lenses. Dark-gray.
32.5-34.0 Coal (Rowe), banded.
34.0-35.8 Siltstone, carbonaceous material present, extensive burrows, pyrite nodules. Light-gray.
35.8 Bottom of core.

Boring C-4

Depth
(feet)
Surface elevation 921 feet
NW, NW, SE, SE, Sec. 10, T. 31 S., R. 25 E.
15.0-18.4 Shale, very thin laminae, small amount of gypsum. Light-gray with yellowish-brown staining, upper 1.0 foot is reddish-purple.
18.4-18.6 Sandstone (Bluejacket), very fine grained. Light-gray.
18.6-22.2 Shale, very thin laminae, some secondary gypsum mineralization, slakes on exposure. Light-gray.
22.2-22.5 Coal, banded.
22.5-24.4 Claystone (underclay), soft, some sulfur present, slakes on exposure. Gray.
24.4-27.9 Siltstone, argillaceous, well-consolidated, burrows present, some iron-oxide staining. Gray to light-brown.
27.9-35.7 Shale, with siltstone laminae, finely laminated, minor amount of burrowing, some cross-bedding, several clay-ironstone nodules in bottom 1.0 foot. Light-gray to gray, with light-gray siltstone.
35.7-42.8 Shale, carbonaceous, very finely laminated, with a few thin clay-ironstone laminae, traces of gypsum. Very dark gray.
42.8-43.6 Shale, with laminae of siltstone, phosphate nodules. Dark-gray. Siltstone is light-gray.
43.6-45.2 Siltstone, argillaceous, contains areas of coarse silt, burrowed. Light-gray.
45.2-46.4 Shale, silty, fine laminae, shale and siltstone interlaminated in bottom 0.5 foot. Gray.
46.4-53.5 Shale, with siltstone laminae, occasional clay-ironstone laminae and nodules, occasional pyrite nodules in lower 4.0 feet. Dark-gray, with light-gray siltstone.
53.5 Bottom of core. Boring continued to 75 feet but no additional cores were cut.

Appendix B—Elemental Composition of the Laboratory Ash of the Rowe and Dry Wood Coals.

Major and Minor Oxide Composition of the Laboratory Ash of the Rowe and Dry Wood Coals

Coal ashed in a muffle furnace at 525°C. All determinations by semiquantitative emission spectrography.

Sample
Site
Ash
(%)
SiO2
(%)
Al2O3
(%)
CaO
(%)
MgO
(%)
Na2O
(%)
K2O
(%)
Fe2O3
(%)
TiO2
(%)
SO3
(%)
Cl
(%)
MnO
(%)
P2O5
(%)
Rowe
R-1 18.8 21 11 .47 .32 .14 .97 57 .47 1.6 .20 .07 <1.0
R-2 17.9 27 13 .46 .42 .16 .93 50 .63 1.6 .20 .05 <1.0
R-3 13.9 26 15 1.4 .46 .19 .82 50 .53 3.3 .20 .05 <1.0
Dry Wood
D-1 11.5 41 20 5.8 2.1 .56 1.7 29 1.1 15.0 .20 .25 <1.0
D-2 20.9 36 21 3.1 .42 .11 1 .2 36 .58 2.6 .20 .05 <1.0
D-3 32.3 21 10 2.6 .40 .07 .85 31 .29 15.0 .20 .05 <1.0

Trace-Element Composition of the Laboratory Ash of the Rowe and Dry Wood Coals

Coal ashed in a muffle furnace at 525°C. All determinations by semiquantitative emission spectrography except Cd, Cu, Li, Pb, and Zn, which were determined by quantitative flame atomic absorption spectrophometry.

Sample
Site
Ash
(ppm)
Ag
(ppm)
B
(ppm)
Ba
(ppm)
Be
(ppm)
Cd
(ppm)
Ce
(ppm)
Co
(ppm)
Cr
(ppm)
Cu
(ppm)
Ga
(ppm)
Ge
(ppm)
La
(ppm)
Rowe
R-1 18.8 0† 50 100 15 <1.0 0 70 70 213 50 0
R-2 17.9 0 70 150 15 <1.0 0 30 70 176 30 70 0
R-3 13.9 0 70 500 15 1.5 0 70 100 306 30 100 0
Dry Wood
D-1 11.5 7 70 700 20 8 0 50 200 326 30 50 70
D-2 20.9 2 50 150 10 77 0 300 70 200 50 20 70
D-3 32.3 0 0 100 5 490 0 100 50 232 100 20 70
Sample
Site
Li
(ppm)
Mo
(ppm)
Nb
(ppm)
Nd
(ppm)
Ni
(ppm)
Pb
(ppm)
Sc
(ppm)
Sr
(ppm)
V
(ppm)
Y
(ppm)
Yb
(ppm)
Zn
(ppm)
Zr
(ppm)
Rowe
R-1 51 0 0 -- 300 900 10 300 100 50 -- 204 50
R-2 137 0 0 -- 150 1,200 10 200 100 70 -- 89 100
R-3 90 0 0 -- 200 1,200 15 300 200 100 -- 1,020 100
Dry Wood
D-1 49 20 20 200 200 450 70 700 300 700 70 770 150
D-2 60 0 0 200 500 230 20 150 150 300 30 25,500 100
D-3 30 0 0 0 300 450 10 300 100 150 -- 158,000 50
†None detected.
‡Not determined.

Appendix C—Field Descriptions of Cores of Parsons Soil

Procedures and terms are those used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1951, 1975).

Horizon Depth
(inches)
Core 1
AP 0-7 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) when dry; weak medium and fine granular structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist; strongly acid, clear smooth boundary.
A2 7-15 Dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2) when dry, with a few fine distinct strong brown mottles; weak medium and coarse granular structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
B21t 15-25 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) when dry; common, fine and medium distinct mottles that are reddish-brown and strong brown; weak coarse prismatic and moderate to weak blocky structure; extremely hard when dry, extremely firm when moist; shiny films on most ped surfaces, gray coatings on both vertical and horizontal ped surfaces; few, fine, iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
B22t 25-30 Dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) when dry; many fine and medium distinct mottles that are strong brown and yellowish-brown; weak coarse prismatic and weak coarse blocky structure; extremely hard when dry, extremely firm when moist; shiny films on a few ped surfaces; common, fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
B3 30-39 Coarsely mottled grayish-brown (10YR 5/2), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/3) light silty clay; weak coarse blocky structure; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; common fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C1 39-55 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1), dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/4) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, very firm when moist; few fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; medium acid; diffuse boundary.
C2 55-68 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; few fine iron-manganese stains and nodules; medium acid; diffuse boundary.
C3 68-128 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; few fine iron-manganese oxide nodules; medium acid; diffuse boundary.
C4 128-138 Yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam, with many medium and coarse distinct mottles that are gray; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; medium acid, clear boundary to shale.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
Core 2
AP 0-8 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) when dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist; many roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A2 8-17 Dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2) when dry, few fine distinct mottles that are strong brown; weak medium and coarse granular structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
B2t 17-28 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) when dry; weak coarse prismatic and moderate to weak medium and coarse blocky structure; extremely hard when dry, extremely firm when moist; gray coating on both vertical and horizontal ped surfaces in upper part and vertical ped surfaces in lower part; shiny films on some ped surfaces; common fine and few medium roots between peds and common very fine roots inside of peds; few fine iron-manganese oxide nodules; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
B3 28-39 Coarsely mottled grayish-brown (10YR 5/2), dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay; weak blocky structure; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; few fine flattened roots between peds and few very fine roots inside of peds; common fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and fine nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C1 39-53 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1), dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/6), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/4) heavy silty clay loam; massive; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; few very fine and fine flattened roots; common fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and fine nodules; strongly acid, diffuse boundary.
C2 53-65 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1), dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/6), and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; few fine iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; medium acid; diffuse boundary.
C3 65-110 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/6) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; few fine iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; medium acid; diffuse boundary.
C4 110-120 Light olive-brown (2.5YR 5/4) silty clay loam, with common medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; medium acid; clear boundary to shale.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
Core 3
AP 0-7 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish-brown (10YR 5/2) when dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard when dry, very friable when moist; medium acid; clear smooth boundary.
A2 7-11 Dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2) when dry; weak medium granular structure; slightly hard when dry, friable when moist; few fine iron-manganese oxide nodules; medium acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
B21t 11-20 Very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay, dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) when dry; common fine faint mottles that are yellowish brown; weak coarse prismatic and moderate to weak medium blocky structure; extremely hard when dry, extremely firm when moist; gray coatings on many ped surfaces, both vertical and horizontal; shiny films on some ped surfaces; few fine iron-manganese oxide nodules; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
B22t 20-26 Very dark grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay; dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2) when dry; common fine faint mottles that are yellowish-brown; weak coarse prismatic and weak coarse blocky structure; extremely hard when dry, extremely firm when moist; shiny films on a few ped surfaces; common fine iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
B3 26-40 Coarsely mottled grayish-brown (10YR 5/2), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay; weak coarse blocky structure; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; common fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C1 40-60 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1), dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4), and dark-brown (7.5YR 4/4) heavy silty clay loam; massive; hard when dry, very firm when moist; few fine and medium iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C2 60-79 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/6) heavy silty clay loam; massive; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; common fine iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C3 79-120 Coarsely mottled gray (10YR 5/1) and dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/6) heavy silty clay loam; massive; very hard when dry, very firm when moist; few fine iron-manganese oxide stains and nodules; strongly acid; diffuse boundary.
C4 120-132 Yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam with common medium and coarse distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles; massive; hard when dry, firm when moist; strongly acid; clear boundary to shale.

Appendix D—Field Descriptions of Minesoil Surface Samples

Procedures and terms are those used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1951, 1975).

S-1
Surface 6 inches sampled with a spade. Color is a mixture of brown (10YR 4/3), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4), and grayish-brown (10YR 5/2). Texture is a shaly, silty clay loam. Coarse particles (>2 mm) make up 15 to 20 percent of sample; these are mostly shale fragments >50 mm in length with a few ferruginous siltstone and coal fragments and iron-manganese oxide nodules. The structure is clods, irregular to rounded in shape, which contain some small shale fragments.

S-2
Surface 6 inches sampled with a spade in the largest low area in Field 1. Appearance indicated some sediment, about 1/2 to 1 inch in depth, was deposited by runoff into this low area. Surface appearance was typical of natural areas where water ponds in low areas. Material below 1 inch is similar to sample S-1. Surface inch is a platy, brown (10YR 5/3, moist), heavy silt loam.

S-3
Surface 6 inches sampled with a spade near crest of highest point in northeast part of field. Color is a mixture of gray (2.5Y 5/ ), grayish-brown (10YR 5/2), and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4). The texture is a shaly, silty clay loam. Coarse particles (>2 mm) make up about 40 to 50 percent of sample; these are mostly shale fragments, <70 mm in length, with a few ferruginous siltstone and coal fragments and iron-manganese oxide nodules. The structure is clods, irregular to rounded in shape, which contain many small shale fragments.

S-4
Surface 6 inches sampled with a spade. Similar to S-3, except more shale fragments gray in color (2.5Y 5/ ).

S-5
This sample is representative of the surface 6 inches of Field 2. Color is a mixture of brown (10YR 4/3), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4), and grayish-brown (10YR 5/2). The texture is a shaly, silty clay loam. Coarse particles (>2 mm) make up about 20 to 25 percent of the sample; these are mostly shale fragments <70 mm in length, with a few ferruginous siltstone and coal fragments and iron-manganese oxide nodules. The structure is clods, irregular in shape, which contain many small shale fragments.

Appendix E—Field Descriptions of Minesoil Auger Sites

Procedures and terms are those used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1951, 1975).

Horizon Depth
(inches)
A-2
C1 0-6 Light olive-brown (2.5Y 5/4) and brown (10YR 4/3) shaly clay loam, with common light-gray (10YR 6/ ) and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) clods, spheroidal to irregular in shape; coarse particles, >2 mm, make up about 20 to 25 percent of this layer, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone and sandstone fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C2 6-12 Yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) shaly, silty clay loam, with common light-gray (10YR 6/ ) and brown (10YR 4/3) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone and sandstone fragments, some of the siltstone fragments have black coatings; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible clods.
C3 12-40 Brown (10YR 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with some yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), light-gray (10YR 6/ ) and light olive-brown (2.5Y 5/4) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 to 20 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone and sandstone fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids. Less than 5 percent of fragments are more than 2 inches in length.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
A-3
C1 0-6 Brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) and a few light-gray (10YR 6/ ) clods spheroidal to irregular in shape; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 10 percent are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone, sandstone, and coal fragments, most of the siltstone fragments have black coatings; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C2 6-12 Brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods; coarse particles (>2mm), about 5 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone and sandstone fragments, most of the siltstone fragments have black coatings; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids.
C3 12-40 Brown (7.5YR 4/4), yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4), and light-gray (10YR 6/ ) shaly clay loam; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 30 to 40 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone and shale fragments with some sandstone fragments, about 15 percent of the fragments are more than 2 inches in length and they are mostly ferruginous siltstone; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
A-4
C1 0-6 Brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) and light-gray (10YR 6/ ) clods, spheroidal to irregular in shape; coarse particles (>2 mm ), about 10 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone, sandstone, and coal fragments; a few iron-manganese nodules.
C2 6-12 Brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) and light-gray (10YR 6/ ) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 10 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone fragments with some shale, sandstone, and coal fragments, some of the shale fragments are gray (2.5Y 5/ ) in color; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C3 12-30 Brown (10YR 4/3) and yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) shaly clay loam, with common brown (7.5YR 4/4) and light-gray (10YR 7/ ) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone fragments with some shale, sandstone, and coal fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; common visible voids.
C4 30-40 Yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) and brown (10YR 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with common light-gray (10YR 6/ ) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone fragments and some shale, sandstone, and coal fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; common visible voids.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
A-8
C1 0-6 Brown (10YR 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods, spheroidal to irregular in shape; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 20 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some sandstone and ferruginous siltstone fragments and a few gray (2.5Y 5/ ) shale fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C2 6-12 Brown (10YR 4/3) shaly silt loam; with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 20 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone with some sandstone and shale fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C3 12-40 Dark yellowish-brown (10YR 4/4) shaly, silty clay loam, with some dark-brown (7.5YR 4/4) and light-gray (10YR 6/ ) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 20 percent, are mostly ferruginous siltstone and iron concretions of irregular shape with some shale and sandstone fragments; few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids; less than 10 percent of fragments are more than 2 inches in length.

Horizon Depth
(inches)
A-11
C1 0-6 Dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods, mostly spheroidal in shape; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone, sandstone, and coal fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules.
C2 6-12 Dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 20 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some ferruginous siltstone, sandstone, coal fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids.
C3 12-40 Dark grayish-brown (2.5Y 4/3) shaly, silty clay loam, with common yellowish-brown (10YR 5/4) clods; coarse particles (>2 mm), about 15 percent, are mostly shale fragments with some sandstone, ferruginous siltstone, and coal fragments; a few iron-manganese oxide nodules; many visible voids.

Appendix F—Field Descriptions of Parsons Soil in Crawford County, Kansas

Described by Jarvis and others (1959).

Horizon Depth
(inches)
 
A1 0-7 Dark-gray (10YR 4/1; 3/1 m) silt loam; weak granular; friable; pH 4.8.
A21 7-13 Grayish-brown (10YR 5/2; 3/1 m) silt loam; weak granular; friable; pH 5.4.
A22 13-16 Grayish-brown (10YR 5/2; 4/1 m) silt loam; few fine faint brownish-yellow mottles; weak granular; friable.
B21t 16-24 Dark grayish-brown (10YR 4/2; 3/2 m) silty clay; common coarse distinct brownish-yellow mottles; moderate mediUm subangular blocky breaking to moderate fine subangular block; very firm; pH 5.2.
B22t 24-36 Grayish-brown (10YR 5/2; 4/2 m) silty clay; many coarse prominent brownish-yellow mottles; weak subangular blocky; very firm; pH 5.3.
C1 36-47 Light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2; 2.5Y 5/2 m) silty clay; many coarse prominent brownish-yellow mottles; massive; very firm; many black iron concretions; pH 5.8.
C2 47-60+ Light brownish-gray (10YR 6/2; 2.5Y 6/2 m) silty clay loam; many coarse prominent brownish-yellow mottles; massive; firm; pH 6.2.

Appendix G—Field Description of Parsons Soil in Bourbon County, Kansas

Description from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1981).

Horizon Depth
(inches)
 
AP 0-7 Very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam; weak very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; many fine roots and worm casts; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A21 7-11 Mixed dark-gray (10YR 4/1) and gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; weak fine and very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A22 11-15 Gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; few fine distinct yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; many fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
B21t 15-20 Dark-gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, light-gray (10YR 7/1) silt coatings on peds; common fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium blocky structure; very hard, very firm; many fine roots, but less than above horizon; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
B22t 20-27 Dark-gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay; common fine and medium distinct yellowish-brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine and medium blocky and subangular blocky structure; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
B3 27-39 Mixed dark-gray (5Y 4/1) and gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay, common fine and medium distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; weak medium subangular block structure; very hard, very firm; clay films on ped faces; few fine roots; black coatings through old root channels; few fine black concretions and stains; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
C1 39-52 Coarsely mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), gray (5Y 6/1), and reddish-brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; massive; hard, firm; black coatings through old root channels; common soft black masses; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
C2 52-63 Coarsely mottled strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), gray (5Y 6/1), and reddish-brown (5YR 4/4) silty clay; massive; hard, firm; black coatings through old root channels; common soft black masses; moderately alkaline.
C3 63-73 Continuation of above horizon; diffuse wavy boundary.
C4 73-85 Coarsely mottled gray (5Y 6/1) and strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) silty clay; weak subangular block and blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; few black concretions and common black stains; few rounded pebbles less than 1/4 inch in size; moderately alkaline.

Appendix H—Chemical Analysis of Surface-water Samples

(Concentrations are ppm [mg/l], except pH)

W-1

Parameter Date Collected
01/20/1976 05/04/1976 07/13/1976
pH 6.4 6.5 6.0
Hardnessa 72 100 100
Ca 16 26 28
Mg 7.8 8.5 7.3
Na 10 17 9.8
K 4.6 2.3 3.2
Fe .69 1.5 .30
Mn .30 2.3 .96
Alkalinityb 28 24 12
Cl 10 5 4
SO4 86 105 107
NO3 .6 .6 .3
F .7 .3 .1
PO4 .08 .15 .16
B .16 .08 .07
Cu .01 .00d .00
Pb .00 .00 .00
Zn .02 .25 .03
Cr .00 .00 .00
Cd .00 .00 .00
Ag .00 .00 .00
Ni .01 --c .00
SiO2 -- 13 12
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

W-7

Parameter Date Collected
11/25/1975 01/20/1976 05/04/1976 07/13/1976
pH 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0
Hardnessa 1690 1428 990 1230
Ca --c 304 176 228
Mg -- 163 134 161
Na 45 41 33 29
K 5.5 5.1 4.4 5.0
Fe 36 44 19 21
Mn 115 108 69 110
Alkalinityb 0 0 0 0
Cl 18 9 11 10
SO4 2220 1890 1230 1828
NO3 2.0 3.3 1.7 5.7
F -- 1.6 .9 1.1
PO4 .00d .06 .16 .05
B .17 .25 .11 .13
Cu .02 .02 .01 .04
Po .20 .00 .02 .04
Zn 1.7 1.8 2.8 4.0
Cr .00 .01 .00 .01
Cd .01 .00 .01 .01
Ag .02 .00 .00 .00
Ni -- 1.6 -- 1.9
SiO2 -- 25 21 27
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

W-8

Parameter Date Collected
11/25/1975 01/20/1976 05/04/1976 07/13/1976
pH 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.7
Hardnessa 1720 1529 1080 1300
Ca --c 308 211 256
Mg -- 185 134 161
Na 63 59 45 40
K 6.8 6.1 4.9 5.8
Fe 4.6 14 2.1 0.63
Mn 66 65 40 56
Alkalinityb 0 0 10 0
Cl 9 7 10 10
SO4 2040 1740 1232 1460
NO3 .1 .8 .7 .4
F -- 1.2 .8 1.0
PO4 .00d .08 .18 .06
B .17 .37 .14 .20
Cu .01 .01 .01 .02
Pb .20 .00 .03 .02
Zn .98 .94 .93 2.0
Cr .00 .00 .00 .00
Cd .00 .00 .01 .01
Ag .00 .00 .00 .00
Ni -- 0.78 -- .90
SiO -- 18 16 18
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

W-9

Parameter Date Collected
11/25/1975 01/20/1976 05/04/1976 07/13/1976
pH 5.4 6.5 6.8 6.7
Hardnessa 1040 1008 745 820
Ca --c 208 157 172
Mg -- 119 86 95
Na 82 75 60 57
K 7.5 6.0 4.8 5.8
Fe .27 1.4 .56 .27
Mn 11 16 11 11
Alkalinityb 20 28 44 38
Cl 17 15 9 8
SO4 1180 1095 772 884
NO3 1.0 .9 1.2 1.1
F -- 0.6 0.8 0.8
PO4 .00d .00 .14 .09
B .23 .32 .21 .18
Cu .01 .01 .00 .00
Pb .10 .00 .00 .02
Zn .26 .50 .53 .28
Cr .00 .00 .00 .00
Cd .00 .00 .01 .01
Ag .00 .00 .00 .00
Ni -- .20 -- .10
SiO2 -- 11 12 12
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

W-10

Parameter Date Collected
11/25/1975 01/20/1976 05/04/1976
pH 5.1 4.9 6.4
Hardnessa 1670 946 615
Ca --c 206 141
Mg -- 105 64
Na 96 81 44
K 10 7.9 4.6
Fe .86 .45 .72
Mn 40 18 12
Alkalinityb 12 10 20
Cl 13 18 8
SO4 1770 1070 653
NO3 .4 2.5 1.2
F -- .8 .4
PO4 .08 .00d .17
B .20 .29 .13
Cu .01 .01 .01
Pb .10 .00 .00
Zn 1.5 .72 .28
Cr .01 .00 .00
Cd .01 .00 .01
Ag .00 .00 .00
Ni -- .46 --
SiO2 -- 16 11
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

W-11

Parameter Date Collected
11/25/1975 01/20/1976 05/04/1976
pH 6.3 6.8 7.1
Hardnessa 500 652 515
Ca --c 138 114
Mg -- 75 56
Na 77 79 52
K 8.2 8.4 4.9
Fe .36 1.2 1.4
Mn 4.0 4.7 3.9
Alkalinityb 72 84 82
Cl 45 41 17
SO4 494 646 483
NO3 26 7.6 7.1
F -- .6 .6
PO4 3.6 3.9 .7
B .30 .36 .21
Cu .01 .01 .00
Pb .00d .00 .02
Zn .09 .18 .19
Cr .01 .00 .00
Cd .00 .00 .00
Ag .00 .00 .00
Ni -- .10 --
SiO2 -- 8 11
(a) Hardness as CaCO3 (total)
(b) Alkalinity as CaCO3 (total)
(c) Not determined
(d) Below detection limit

Prev Page—Conclusions, References

Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed on web Oct. 25, 2018; originally published 1982.
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