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Ichnology of a Pennsylvanian Equatorial Tidal Flat

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Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Previous Work on Pennsylvanian Ichnology in Kansas

Geologic Setting

Regional and Stratigraphic Framework

Outcrop Locality

Sedimentology

Parasequence A

Unit A1--Mud-dominated Heterolithic Facies

Parasequence B

Unit B1--Sand-dominated Heterolithic Facies

Unit B2--Mottled Mudstone Facies

Parasequence C

Unit C1--Rippled Silty Sandstone Facies

Unit C2--Blocky Mudstone Facies

Parasequence D

Unit D1--Siltstone and Mudstone Heterolithic Facies

Unit D2--Inclined Heterolithic Stratified Silty Sandstone and Siltstone Facies

Unit D3--Trough Cross Stratified Sandstone Facies

Systematic Ichnology

Taxonomic Philosophy

General Comments

Ichnogenus ARENICOLITES Salter, 1857

ARENICOLITES isp.

Ichnogenus ASTERIACITES von Schlotheim, 1820

ASTERIACITES LUMBRICALIS von Schlotheim, 1820

Ichnogenus CHONDRITES von Sternberg, 1833

CHONDRITES? isp.

Ichnogenus CONICHNUS Männil, 1966

CONICHNUS CONICUS Männil, 1966

Ichnogenus CRUZIANA d'Orbigny, 1842

CRUZIANA PROBLEMATICA (Schindewolf, 1921)

CRUZIANA isp.

Ichnogenus CURVOLITHUS Fritsch, 1908

CURVOLITHUS MULTIPLEX Fritsch, 1908

CURVOLITHUS SIMPLEX Buatois, Mángano, Mikuláš, and Maples, 1998

Ichnogenus DIPLICHNITES Dawson, 1873

DIPLICHNITES CUITHENSIS Briggs, Rolfe, and Brannan, 1979

Ichnogenus DIPLOCRATERION Torell, 1870

DIPLOCRATERION isp. A

DIPLOCRATERION isp. B

Ichnogenus HALOPOA Torell, 1870

HALOPOA isp.

Ichnogenus LOCKEIA James, 1879

LOCKEIA ORNATA (Bandel, 1967a)

LOCKEIA SILIQUARIA (James, 1879)

Ichnogenus NEREITES MacLeay in Murchison, 1839

NEREITES CAMBRENSIS Murchison, 1839

NEREITES IMBRICATA Mángano, Buatois, West, and Maples, 2000

NEREITES JACKSONI Emmons, 1844

NEREITES MISSOURIENSIS (Weller, 1899)

Ichnogenus PALAEOPHYCUS Hall, 1847

PALAEOPHYCUS TUBULARIS Hall, 1847

Ichnogenus PARAHAENTZSCHELINIA Chamberlain, 1971

PARAHAENTZSCHELINIA ARDELIA Chamberlain, 1971

Ichnogenus PENTICHNUS Maerz, Kaesler, and Hakes, 1976

PENTICHNUS PRATTI Maerz, Kaesler, and Hakes, 1976

Ichnogenus PHYCODES Richter, 1850

PHYCODES PALMATUS Hall, 1852

PHYCODES isp.

Ichnogenus PHYCOSIPHON Fischer-Ooster, 1858

PHYCOSIPHON INCERTUM Fischer-Ooster, 1858

Ichnogenus PLANOLITES Nicholson, 1873

PLANOLITES BEVERLEYENSIS (Billings, 1862)

Ichnogenus PROTOVIRGULARIA McCoy, 1850

PROTOVIRGULARIA BIDIRECTIONALIS n. isp.

PROTOVIRGULARIA RUGOSA (Miller and Dyer, 1878)

Ichnogenus PSAMMICHNITES Torell, 1870

PSAMMICHNITES GRUMULA (Romano and Melendez, 1979)

PSAMMICHNITES IMPLEXUS (Rindsberg, 1994)

PSAMMICHNITES PLUMMERI (Fenton and Fenton, 1937)

PSAMMICHNITES? isp.

Ichnogenus RHIZOCORALLIUM Zenker, 1836

RHIZOCORALLIUM IRREGULARE Mayer, 1954

Ichnogenus ROSSELIA Dahmer, 1937

ROSSELIA SOCIALIS Dahmer, 1937

Ichnogenus RUSOPHYCUS Hall, 1852

RUSOPHYCUS isp.

Ichnogenus SKOLITHOS Haldeman, 1840

SKOLITHOS isp.

Ichnogenus TEICHNICHNUS Seilacher, 1955

TEICHICHNUS RECTUS Seilacher, 1955

Ichnogenus TRICHOPHYCUS Miller and Dyer, 1878a

TRICHOPHYCUS isp.

Chip-shaped Burrows

Pelletoidal Chains

Small Horizontal Cylindrical Burrows

Small Vertical Burrows

Undetermined Tracks

Trace-fossil Distribution

Relationships Between Trace Fossils and Sedimentary Facies

Environmental Implications of Trace-fossil Vertical Distribution

Spatial Heterogeneity

Trace-fossil Paleoecology

Environmental Controls

Salinity

Temperature

Substrate

Hydrodynamic Energy

Evidence of Time-averaged Surfaces

Tiering Structure and Ichnoguilds

Sedimentary Environment

Paleocurrent Analysis

Depositional Model

Paleotidal Range

Effects of Climate on Deposition

Sequence Stratigraphy

Utility of Trace Fossils in Sequence Stratigraphy

Parasequence Stacking Patterns

Sequence-stratigraphic Significance of Outside Shales and Paleosols

Ichnology of Key Stratal Surfaces

The Waverly Ichnofauna in Regional Context

Introduction

Sedimentology and Ichnology of Stull Shale Member Outcrops

Interpretation of Lateral Variability of the Stull Shale Member

Implications for Ichnofacies Models

Ichnofaunas from Tidal Successions in the Fossil Record

Ichnofacies Gradients in Tide- and Wave-dominated Shorelines

Implications in Evolutionary Paleoecology

Introduction

Tidal Flats as Sites of Evolutionary Innovations

Tidal-flat Ichnofaunas through Time

Concluding Remarks

References


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Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed on web May 21, 2015; originally published 2002.
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The URL for this page is http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/245/01_contents.html