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Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 2001-40


Springs Inventory--Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve Chase County, Kansas

by Robert Sawin and Rex Buchanan
KGS Open-file Report 2001-40
(Revised July 2008)

Addendum

Kansas Geological Survey Open-file Report 2001-40 was revised in July 2008.

Changes:

Table 1. Spring Data by Drainage Areas.
The column heading 'FORMATION' was changed to 'GEOL. UNIT' and the names in that column revised.
Table 2. Spring Data by Flow Rates.
The column heading 'FORMATION' was changed to 'GEOL. UNIT' and the names in that column revised.

Introduction

The Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, established in 1996, consists of 10,894 acres in Chase County, Kansas, all within the Flint Hills physiographic region (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2000, p. 1). Springs are an important feature of the preserve (a property once known as Spring Hill Ranch, and more recently, the Z Bar Ranch). Springs were the original source of water on the ranch; they continue to provide water to livestock and are important to the diverse flora and fauna on the property. Yet relatively little was known about their extent, flow rates, exact location, and water quality.

Knowledge about the preserve's springs will provide the National Park Service (NPS) and the National Park Trust (NPT) with basic, benchmark information about the nature of the preserve's water resources. One desired outcome in the preserve's General Management Plan is: "The preserve's seeps, springs, and streams are in good ecological condition and support a healthy and diverse aquatic community" (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2000, p. 11). However, the plan notes that "the preserve lacks long-term data sets on water quality, hydrology, and geomorphology" (U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2000, p. 72). An accurate inventory of springs is necessary to measure the preserve's ability to achieve its long-term goals. The information should also be useful as the preserve's land-use patterns (such as burning regimes, grazing, and human visitation) change in the future.

In addition, development of the preserve as a new national resource offers a unique opportunity to gather baseline information on the various components of the natural system. Springs provide a rare opportunity to monitor groundwater conditions in a relatively pristine grassland environment, without using invasive hydrogeologic techniques. As a result, knowledge gained at the preserve will be useful throughout the Flint Hills region.

Scope

Based on a cooperative agreement between the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) and the National Park Service (Cooperative Agreement Number H6067A00009), the KGS undertook a comprehensive inventory of springs on the preserve. Springs are generally defined as locations where "groundwater flows naturally from the earth into a body of surface water or onto the land surface, at a rate sufficient to form a current" (Buchanan, Sawin, and Lebsack, 1998). This differentiates springs from seeps, where water is discharged onto the surface at rates so low that no current or channel is created.

Previous Studies

Preliminary visits to the preserve in December 1998 and March 1999 found seven locations that met the definition of a spring. Both the NPS/NPT and the KGS were interested in examining seasonal changes in the basic water chemistry in these springs. As a result, water from springs at the preserve was sampled and analyzed for basic constituents by the KGS every three months, for one year. In addition, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment did a full analysis (organic and inorganic components) at three of these springs. The results of both of these activities, made available to the NPS/NPT, showed that the quality of water in preserve springs was generally extremely high (Sawin and Buchanan, 2000). This work provided the NPS/NPT with water-quality data, over time, on an important component of the prairie ecosystem and provides a better understanding of the nature of springs in a relatively undisturbed Flint Hills environment.

KGS authors also published papers and abstracts on the springs of the Flint Hills region of Kansas (Sawin, Buchanan, and Lebsack, 1999a; Sawin, Buchanan, and Lebsack, 1999b; Buchanan and Sawin, 2000). Preserve springs were included in the discussions of Flint Hills springs in Sawin, Buchanan, and Lebsack (1999b) and Buchanan and Sawin (2000).

Methods

For the inventory, the preserve was divided into 17 drainage areas (see Plate 1, attached). The field procedure involved systematically walking each drainage and locating springs on a 1:24,000-scale U.S. Geological Survey topographic map (Strong City, Kansas quadrangle) and, electronically, with hand-held 12-channel Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) units with an accuracy of 15 meters RMS (root mean square) or better. Springs were described and photographed, and flow rates estimated. The geologic unit from which each spring flowed was identified.

The initial survey was conducted April 9-18, 2001, when most prairie vegetation was dormant and immediately after most of the preserve pastures had been burned. Vegetation associated with the springs was green and contrasted sharply with the surrounding dormant plants and burned vegetation. General moisture conditions and rainfall at the preserve were estimated to be "normal" for that time of the year by NPS and KGS staff (see fig. 1). This initial inventory was completed prior to the annual springtime introduction of cattle onto the preserve's pastures.

Figure 1. Precipitation at Cottonwood Falls, Kansas, from August 2000 through July 2001.

Highest precipitation generally May through Sept., though in these months Feb. was unusually high and Aug. and Sept. unusually low.

A geographically representative number of these springs was revisited on August 7-8, 2001. This follow-up survey was designed to observe springs during the driest time of the year, to generate information that would indicate the permanent or temporary nature of preserve springs. Springs revisited were selected to provide a geographic sampling of each drainage; to provide additional information on particularly large or significant springs; and to provide a sample of dry-weather flow rates at randomly selected locations. Again, NPS and KGS staff agreed general moisture and rainfall conditions were about normal. Nearly all cattle had been removed from the ranch by the time of this revisit.

Results

During the April survey, 237 springs were inventoried. As defined above, these were locations where moving water was observed emerging from the ground, regardless of the flow rate. The flow rate for 135 of these springs (57%) was estimated at 1 gallon per minute (gpm) or less. Almost all of these springs would be considered intermittent, or "wet weather," springs. Thirty-nine springs (16%) had flow rates estimated at 5 gpm or more.

In August, 61 springs were revisited (26% of the springs inventoried in April). As expected, flow rates were significantly less, and many of the low-flowing springs were dry or reduced to seeps. Of the 61 springs revisited, 22 (or about 36%) were dry in August. Twelve (or about 20%) were now seeps, and 14 (or about 23%) flowed less than 1 gpm. In total, nearly 80% of the springs observed in April were dry or flowing less than 1 gpm in August, including several springs that had significant (10-15 gpm) flows in April. Of the springs that were flowing in August, many had been reduced to about 20% of their April flow.

Nearly all the springs on the preserve that were inventoried in this study are classified as contact springs. Contact springs flow to the land surface from a permeable material (limestone) that lies directly on top of a less permeable layer (shale) that retards or prevents the downward movement of groundwater, causing it to be deflected laterally by gravity in the downdip direction. The water continues to move through fractures and pore space in the limestones along the contact between the permeable and less permeable layer until it is intersected by a stream valley or hillside, where it then issues onto the land surface.

Data from the April and August visits is shown by drainage (Table 1) and by flow rate, from highest to lowest (Table 2). Also included in the tables are the rock unit that produced water at each spring. Figure 2 is an idealized geologic section of the rock units that occur on the preserve. Spring locations are spotted on the Strong City, Kansas, 1:24,000-scale U.S.G.S. base (Plate 1). The GPS receivers datum was set to WGS 84. An ArcView file of the tables and map will be made available to NPS/NPT.

Figure 2. Idealized section of the rock units at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve.

Fomations from top: Barneston Limestone, Matfield Shale, Wreford Limestone, Speiser Shale, Funston Limestone, Blue Rapids Shale, Crouse Limestone, Easly Creek Shale, Bader Limsetone, Stearns Shale, Beattie Limestone, and Eskridge Shale.

Summary

Historically, springs have been an important component at the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Springs provide a window to the water resource at the preserve, and can be used to monitor water quality and quantity conditions through time. Water at the preserve is a critical resource upon which all other components (flora and fauna) rely. This comprehensive inventory of springs provides baseline information that will be useful in planning development at the preserve, evaluating past activities, and monitoring the impact of future activities, such as livestock grazing, backcountry use, and burning. This information will also help guide future investigations of flora, fauna, and hydrologic systems.

This inventory showed that a substantial number of springs occur on the preserve, particularly in the wet weather of spring. Twenty-five of these springs produced large volumes of water, more than 10 gpm. As expected, dry conditions during summer had a substantial impact on many of these springs, particularly the lesser-producing springs. However, a significant number of springs continued to produce substantial amounts of water even in the dry weather of summer; because of their reliability, they are especially important water sources for livestock and flora and fauna on the preserve. Because springs are so important to the preserve, it is anticipated that the information in this report will be useful to resource managers, researchers, and other areas in the Flint Hills region.

References

Buchanan, R. C., and Sawin, R. S., 2000, Water Quality and Quantity in Flint Hills Springs: Kansas Academy of Science, Abstracts, v. 19, p. 6.

Buchanan, R., Sawin, R., and Lebsack, W., 1998, Kansas Springs: Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular 11, 4 p.

Sawin, R., and Buchanan, R., 2000, Water Quality of Selected Springs--Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas: Kansas Geological Survey, Open-file Report 2000-01 (Revised July 2008), 31 p. [available online]

Sawin, R. S., Buchanan, R. C., and Lebsack, W., 1999a, Flint Hills Springs: Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, v. 102, no. 1-2, p. 1-31.

Sawin, R. S., Buchanan, R. C., and Lebsack, W., 1999b, Springs in the Kansas Flint Hills--An Historical Comparison of Water Quality and Quantity: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Program , v. 31, no. 7, p. 330-331.

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2000, Final General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas, September 2000, 195 p., plus appendix.

Plate 1

Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve Springs Inventory
Available as an Acrobat PDF file, 3 MB

Tables

Table 1. Spring Data by Drainage Areas. Spring numbers in ( ) are from Sawin and Buchanan, 2000.

Spring No. GPS (north) GPS (west) Est. Flow
April
Est. Flow
August
Geol. Unit Misc
1-1 38.49592 96.56844 5 Funston
1-2 38.49353 96.57417 <1 Funston
1-3 38.49375 96.57684 4 seep Funston
1-4 38.49470 96.57671 2 <1 Threemile
1-5 38.49533 96.57724 2 <1 Threemile
1-6 38.49563 96.57728 2 <1 Threemile
1-7 38.48694 96.58694 <1 Threemile
1-8 38.48564 96.57862 <1 Funston
1-9 38.48939 96.57813 <1 Crouse
1-10 38.48944 96.57617 1 Funston
1-11 38.48937 96.56897 1 Funston
1-12 38.48822 96.57022 1 Funston
1-13 38.48451 96.58178 <1 Funston
1-14 38.48421 96.58268 5 Funston
1-15 38.48333 96.58329 1 Threemile
1-16 38.48613 96.59304 1 Threemile
1-17 38.48490 96.59174 2 Threemile
1-18 38.49408 96.59376 25 5 Threemile
1-19 38.49445 96.59368 3 Threemile
1-20 38.49530 96.58692 10 Threemile
1-21 (CS-H) 38.49187 96.59001 2 Funston
2-1 38.48362 96.57487 <1 Funston
2-2 38.47724 96.56919 <1 Crouse
2-3 38.47246 96.56893 15 seep Easly Ck
2-4 38.47241 96.57051 10 dry Crouse
2-5 38.47282 96.57238 <1 Funston
2-6 38.47326 96.57340 <1 Funston
2-7 38.47567 96.57272 1 Funston
2-8 38.47546 96.57381 3 Funston
2-9 38.48151 96.57676 3 Funston
3-1 38.47750 96.58322 3 Threemile
3-2 38.46958 96.57664 2 dry Funston
3-3 38.46872 96.57728 3 seep Easly Ck
3-4 38.47060 96.58290 1 Funston
3-5 38.47386 96.58902 2 Threemile
3-6 38.47071 96.58864 2 Threemile
3-7 38.46862 96.58372 <1 Funston
3-8 38.46504 96.57301 1 Middleburg
3-9 38.46282 96.57688 2 Crouse
3-10 38.46468 96.58656 <1 Threemile
3-11 38.45914 96.58181 2 Threemile
3-12 38.45958 96.57911 5 Funston
3-13 38.45694 96.57997 5 Threemile
3-14 38.46363 96.56648 3 Eiss
3-15 38.46103 96.56637 1 seep Eiss
3-16 38.45945 96.56729 2 dry Crouse
3-17 38.45800 96.57670 <1 Threemile
3-18 38.47427 96.57930 7 Funston
4-1 38.46345 96.59527 <1 dry Wymore
5-1 38.43699 96.59535 <1 dry Threemile
5-2 38.43535 96.59683 2 <1 Threemile
5-3 38.43693 96.59718 1 <1 Threemile
5-4 38.44226 96.59269 <1 Threemile
5-5 38.44241 96.59262 <1 Schroyer
5-6 38.44366 96.59023 2 Threemile
5-7 38.44498 96.59341 <1 Threemile
5-8 38.44840 96.59322 <1 Threemile
5-9 38.45159 96.59350 <1 Threemile
5-10 38.45827 96.59153 <1 Kinney
5-11 38.43103 96.59573 1 Threemile
5-12 38.43080 96.59670 1 Threemile
5-13 38.42730 96.59754 <1 Threemile
6-1 (CS-F) 38.44256 96.56775 20 Eiss Developed
6-2 38.44101 96.57104 <1 Crouse
6-3 38.44141 96.57111 2 Crouse
6-4 38.44111 96.57351 1 Funston
6-5 38.43922 96.57171 2 Funston
6-6 38.45254 96.58061 <1 dry Threemile
6-7 38.45119 96.58043 1 dry Funston
6-8 38.45107 96.57970 10 2 Funston
6-9 38.45015 96.58174 1 Threemile
6-10 38.44969 96.58427 1 Schroyer
6-11 38.45515 96.58647 <1 Wymore
6-12 38.45405 96.58493 <1 Schroyer
6-13 38.45208 96.58165 3 <1 Threemile
6-14 38.45095 96.57811 3 2 Funston
6-15 38.44685 96.58347 <1 Schroyer
6-16 38.44522 96.58210 2 Threemile
6-17 38.44468 96.58209 1 Threemile
6-18 38.44426 96.58007 4 Funston
6-19 38.44128 96.57746 1 Funston
6-20 38.44101 96.57855 <1 Threemile
6-21 (CS-J) 38.43938 96.58066 <1 Schroyer
6-22 38.44448 96.57325 2 Easly Ck
6-23 38.44393 96.57369 20 Easly Ck
6-24 38.44781 96.57548 25 4 Crouse Developed
6-25 38.45047 96.57318 2 Funston
6-26 38.45114 96.57017 <1 Funston
6-27 38.45099 96.56781 <1 Funston
6-28 38.44059 96.56565 <1 Eiss
6-29 38.44171 96.56071 <1 dry Eiss
7-1 38.45592 96.56843 <1 dry Funston
7-2 38.45435 96.56332 1 Eiss
7-3 38.45443 96.56753 1 Funston
7-4 38.43785 96.55435 <1 Cottonwood
8-1 38.41239 96.58337 <1 Easly Ck
8-2 38.41375 96.58138 15 7 Crouse Developed
8-3 38.42562 96.57697 <1 Funston
8-4 38.42626 96.58315 <1 Crouse
8-5 38.42700 96.58311 <1 Crouse
8-6 38.42919 96.58154 <1 Funston
8-7 38.43316 96.57993 <1 Threemile
8-8 38.43396 96.58025 <1 Threemile
8-9 38.41880 96.58626 <1 Crouse
8-10 38.42197 96.58896 <1 Funston
8-11 38.41886 96.59137 <1 Funston
8-12 38.42218 96.59462 <1 Threemile
8-13 38.41846 96.59503 <1 Threemile
8-14 38.41803 96.59232 1 Funston
8-15 38.41276 96.58818 2 Easly Ck
8-16 38.41460 96.59145 1 Funston
8-17 38.41481 96.59713 1 Threemile
8-18 38.41074 96.58803 <1 Middleburg
8-19 38.43658 96.58641 <1 seep Schroyer
8-20 38.43699 96.58782 <1 dry Schroyer
8-21 (CS-A) 38.42314 96.58554 100 Easly Ck Developed
8-22 38.43505 96.58891 <1 Threemile
8-23 38.43210 96.59140 <1 Threemile
8-24 38.43375 96.59296 <1 Schroyer
8-25 38.42807 96.59324 <1 Schroyer
8-26 38.42691 96.59211 2 Threemile
8-27 38.43018 96.58688 2 Funston
8-28 38.42543 96.58569 2 Easly Ck
8-29 (CS-C) 38.41365 96.57946 <1 <1 Threemile
8-30 (CS-B) 38.41796 96.57846 10 Funston Developed
8-31 (CS-G) 38.41478 96.58501 5 5 Easly Ck Developed
9-1 38.43014 96.57487 <1 Threemile
9-2 38.42912 96.57263 1 Funston
9-3 38.42848 96.56739 <1 Crouse
9-4 38.42784 96.57073 <1 Funston
9-5 38.42810 96.57039 <1 Funston
9-6 38.43057 96.56124 <1 Eiss
9-7 38.42969 96.56059 35 16 Eiss
9-8 38.42946 96.56311 2 Middleburg
9-9 38.42909 96.56393 2 Middleburg
9-10 38.43108 96.56796 2 Crouse
9-11 38.43163 96.57199 1 Funston
9-12 38.43319 96.57288 3 Funston
9-13 38.43421 96.57259 5 Funston
9-14 38.43639 96.56805 1 Funston
9-15 38.43278 96.56235 10 <1 Middleburg
10-1 38.40873 96.56434 3 Funston
10-2 38.40818 96.56149 5 dry Crouse
10-3 38.40725 96.56357 <1 Funston
10-4 38.40662 96.56106 6 dry Crouse
10-5 38.40740 96.55868 <1 Middleburg
10-6 38.41240 96.55906 <1 Middleburg
10-7 38.41179 96.55973 <1 Easly Ck
10-8 38.41296 96.56134 15 dry Eiss
10-9 38.41219 96.56441 1 Funston
10-10 38.41729 96.56689 1 Crouse
10-11 38.41561 96.56720 <1 Funston
10-12 38.41662 96.56575 2 Crouse
10-13 38.41667 96.56595 1 Crouse
10-14 38.41831 96.55981 <1 Eiss
10-15 38.41788 96.56715 17 Crouse
10-16 38.42215 96.56896 <1 Funston
10-17 38.42276 96.56926 2 Funston
10-18 38.42157 96.57163 5 Funston
10-19 38.42065 96.57121 <1 Funston
10-20 38.40900 96.55508 1 seep Eiss
11-1 38.43599 96.54855 2 Cottonwood
11-2 38.43657 96.54461 2 Crouse
11-3 38.43631 96.54268 1 Funston
11-4 38.42955 96.53947 2 Middleburg
11-5 38.42621 96.54156 1 Funston
11-6 38.42647 96.54315 2 Easly Ck
11-7 38.42846 96.54608 4 1 Eiss
11-8 38.42867 96.54622 4 1 Eiss
12-1 38.41853 96.54397 2 Crouse
12-2 38.41795 96.54363 1 Funston
12-3 38.41949 96.54483 7 Eiss
12-4 38.42163 96.54450 15 3 Eiss
12-5 38.41976 96.53937 1 Threemile
12-6 38.42187 96.54182 2 seep Middleburg
12-7 38.42154 96.54251 5 dry Eiss
12-8 38.42145 96.54294 3 <1 Eiss
12-9 38.42117 96.54334 8 1 Eiss
12-10 38.42099 96.54377 10 1 Eiss
13-1 38.40515 96.54308 2 Eiss
13-2 38.40979 96.54337 5 dry Morrill
13-3 38.40912 96.54250 2 <1 Eiss
13-4 38.40965 96.54138 2 1 Eiss
13-5 38.40857 96.53979 1 Easly Ck
13-6 (CS-E) 38.41359 96.53507 3 dry Middleburg
13-7 38.41274 96.53376 1 Funston
13-8 38.41298 96.53076 1 seep Funston
13-9 38.41191 96.52565 1 Threemile
13-10 38.41434 96.52440 <1 Threemile
13-11 38.41376 96.52907 3 dry Funston
13-12 (CS-D) 38.41756 96.52693 15 Threemile Developed
13-13 38.41816 96.52704 1 Funston
13-14 38.41939 96.52796 <1 Funston
13-15 38.41984 96.52993 12 Funston
13-16 38.42036 96.53036 12 Funston
13-17 38.41779 96.53053 1 Crouse
13-18 38.41629 96.53265 4 Easly Ck
13-19 38.41518 96.53458 1 Middleburg
13-20 38.41277 96.54239 <1 Eiss
13-21 38.41661 96.53948 1 Crouse
13-22 38.41662 96.53883 2 Crouse
13-23 38.41439 96.54336 2 Easly Ck
13-24 38.41491 96.54573 2 seep Funston
13-25 38.41325 96.54703 10 seep Eiss
13-26 38.41706 96.54789 1 Eiss
14-1 38.41495 96.51589 10 <1 Funston
14-2 38.41546 96.51711 12 <1 Funston
14-3 38.41692 96.51956 1 dry Threemile
14-4 38.41871 96.51343 <1 Funston
14-5 38.41855 96.51194 2 Crouse
14-6 38.41896 96.51072 <1 Crouse
14-7 38.42046 96.51063 <1 Crouse
14-8 38.42032 96.50648 10 <1 Eiss
14-9 38.42032 96.50566 3 dry Eiss
14-10 38.41861 96.50591 2 Eiss
14-11 38.41432 96.50885 <1 Crouse
14-12 38.41221 96.51222 11 Easly Ck
14-13 38.40753 96.50292 1 Crouse
14-14 38.40685 96.50512 1 Funston
14-15 38.41033 96.50687 1 Crouse
15-1 38.40831 96.51520 1 Funston
15-2 38.40880 96.51651 1 Funston
15-3 38.40769 96.51757 4 <1 Funston
15-4 38.40819 96.52157 1 Threemile
16-1 38.40694 96.52596 <1 dry Funston
16-2 38.40910 96.52599 1 seep Funston
16-3 38.40925 96.52445 <1 Threemile
16-4 38.40859 96.52804 <1 dry Funston
16-5 38.40983 96.53096 1 Funston
16-7 38.40708 96.53391 4 Easly Ck
16-8 38.40801 96.52738 <1 seep Funston
17-1 38.40642 96.56863 1 Speiser
17-2 38.41117 96.57170 <1 Funston
17-3 38.41152 96.57526 <1 Funston
17-4 38.41389 96.57374 <1 Funston
17-5 38.41414 96.57540 2 Funston
17-6 38.41054 96.57743 1 dry Funston

Table 2. Spring Data by Flow Rates. Spring numbers in ( ) are from Sawin and Buchanan, 2000.

Spring No. GPS (north) GPS (west) Est. Flow
April
Est. Flow
August
Geol. Unit Misc
8-21 (CS-A) 38.42314 96.58554 100 Easly Ck Developed
9-7 38.42969 96.56059 35 16 Eiss
1-18 38.49408 96.59376 25 5 Threemile
6-24 38.44781 96.57548 25 4 Crouse Developed
6-1 (CS-F) 38.44256 96.56775 20 Eiss Developed
6-23 38.44393 96.57369 20 Easly Ck
10-15 38.41788 96.56715 17 Crouse
2-3 38.47246 96.56893 15 seep Easly Ck
8-2 38.41375 96.58138 15 7 Crouse Developed
10-8 38.41296 96.56134 15 dry Eiss
12-4 38.42163 96.54450 15 3 Eiss
13-12 (CS-D) 38.41756 96.52693 15 Threemile Developed
13-15 38.41984 96.52993 12 Funston
13-16 38.42036 96.53036 12 Funston
14-2 38.41546 96.51711 12 <1 Funston
14-12 38.41221 96.51222 11 Easly Ck
1-20 38.49530 96.58692 10 Threemile
2-4 38.47241 96.57051 10 dry Crouse
6-8 38.45107 96.57970 10 2 Funston
8-30 (CS-B) 38.41796 96.57846 10 Funston Developed
9-15 38.43278 96.56235 10 <1 Middleburg
12-10 38.42099 96.54377 10 1 Eiss
13-25 38.41325 96.54703 10 seep Eiss
14-1 38.41495 96.51589 10 <1 Funston
14-8 38.42032 96.50648 10 <1 Eiss
12-9 38.42117 96.54334 8 1 Eiss
3-18 38.47427 96.57930 7 Funston
12-3 38.41949 96.54483 7 Eiss
10-4 38.40662 96.56106 6 dry Crouse
1-1 38.49592 96.56844 5 Funston
1-14 38.48421 96.58268 5 Funston
3-12 38.45958 96.57911 5 Funston
3-13 38.45694 96.57997 5 Threemile
8-31 (CS-G) 38.41478 96.58501 5 5 Easly Ck Developed
9-13 38.43421 96.57259 5 Funston
10-2 38.40818 96.56149 5 dry Crouse
10-18 38.42157 96.57163 5 Funston
12-7 38.42154 96.54251 5 dry Eiss
13-2 38.40979 96.54337 5 dry Morrill
1-3 38.49375 96.57684 4 seep Funston
6-18 38.44426 96.58007 4 Funston
11-7 38.42846 96.54608 4 1 Eiss
11-8 38.42867 96.54622 4 1 Eiss
13-18 38.41629 96.53265 4 Easly Ck
15-3 38.40769 96.51757 4 <1 Funston
16-7 38.40708 96.53391 4 Easly Ck
1-19 38.49445 96.59368 3 Threemile
2-8 38.47546 96.57381 3 Funston
2-9 38.48151 96.57676 3 Funston
3-1 38.47750 96.58322 3 Threemile
3-3 38.46872 96.57728 3 seep Easly Ck
3-14 38.46363 96.56648 3 Eiss
6-13 38.45208 96.58165 3 <1 Threemile
6-14 38.45095 96.57811 3 2 Funston
9-12 38.43319 96.57288 3 Funston
10-1 38.40873 96.56434 3 Funston
12-8 38.42145 96.54294 3 <1 Eiss
13-6 (CS-E) 38.41359 96.53507 3 dry Middleburg
13-11 38.41376 96.52907 3 dry Funston
14-9 38.42032 96.50566 3 dry Eiss
1-4 38.49470 96.57671 2 <1 Threemile
1-5 38.49533 96.57724 2 <1 Threemile
1-6 38.49563 96.57728 2 <1 Threemile
1-17 38.48490 96.59174 2 Threemile
1-21 (CS-H) 38.49187 96.59001 2 Funston
3-2 38.46958 96.57664 2 dry Funston
3-5 38.47386 96.58902 2 Threemile
3-6 38.47071 96.58864 2 Threemile
3-9 38.46282 96.57688 2 Crouse
3-11 38.45914 96.58181 2 Threemile
3-16 38.45945 96.56729 2 dry Crouse
5-2 38.43535 96.59683 2 <1 Threemile
5-6 38.44366 96.59023 2 Threemile
6-3 38.44141 96.57111 2 Crouse
6-5 38.43922 96.57171 2 Funston
6-16 38.44522 96.58210 2 Threemile
6-22 38.44448 96.57325 2 Easly Ck
6-25 38.45047 96.57318 2 Funston
8-15 38.41276 96.58818 2 Easly Ck
8-26 38.42691 96.59211 2 Threemile
8-27 38.43018 96.58688 2 Funston
8-28 38.42543 96.58569 2 Easly Ck
9-8 38.42946 96.56311 2 Middleburg
9-9 38.42909 96.56393 2 Middleburg
9-10 38.43108 96.56796 2 Crouse
10-12 38.41662 96.56575 2 Crouse
10-17 38.42276 96.56926 2 Funston
11-1 38.43599 96.54855 2 Cottonwood
11-2 38.43657 96.54461 2 Crouse
11-4 38.42955 96.53947 2 Middleburg
11-6 38.42647 96.54315 2 Easly Ck
12-1 38.41853 96.54397 2 Crouse
12-6 38.42187 96.54182 2 seep Middleburg
13-1 38.40515 96.54308 2 Eiss
13-3 38.40912 96.54250 2 <1 Eiss
13-4 38.40965 96.54138 2 1 Eiss
13-22 38.41662 96.53883 2 Crouse
13-23 38.41439 96.54336 2 Easly Ck
13-24 38.41491 96.54573 2 seep Funston
14-5 38.41855 96.51194 2 Crouse
14-10 38.41861 96.50591 2 Eiss
17-5 38.41414 96.57540 2 Funston
1-10 38.48944 96.57617 1 Funston
1-11 38.48937 96.56897 1 Funston
1-12 38.48822 96.57022 1 Funston
1-15 38.48333 96.58329 1 Threemile
1-16 38.48613 96.59304 1 Threemile
2-7 38.47567 96.57272 1 Funston
3-4 38.47060 96.58290 1 Funston
3-8 38.46504 96.57301 1 Middleburg
3-15 38.46103 96.56637 1 seep Eiss
5-3 38.43693 96.59718 1 <1 Threemile
5-11 38.43103 96.59573 1 Threemile
5-12 38.43080 96.59670 1 Threemile
6-4 38.44111 96.57351 1 Funston
6-7 38.45119 96.58043 1 dry Funston
6-9 38.45015 96.58174 1 Threemile
6-10 38.44969 96.58427 1 Schroyer
6-17 38.44468 96.58209 1 Threemile
6-19 38.44128 96.57746 1 Funston
7-2 38.45435 96.56332 1 Eiss
7-3 38.45443 96.56753 1 Funston
8-14 38.41803 96.59232 1 Funston
8-16 38.41460 96.59145 1 Funston
8-17 38.41481 96.59713 1 Threemile
9-2 38.42912 96.57263 1 Funston
9-11 38.43163 96.57199 1 Funston
9-14 38.43639 96.56805 1 Funston
10-9 38.41219 96.56441 1 Funston
10-10 38.41729 96.56689 1 Crouse
10-13 38.41667 96.56595 1 Crouse
10-20 38.40900 96.55508 1 seep Eiss
11-3 38.43631 96.54268 1 Funston
11-5 38.42621 96.54156 1 Funston
12-2 38.41795 96.54363 1 Funston
12-5 38.41976 96.53937 1 Threemile
13-5 38.40857 96.53979 1 Easly Ck
13-7 38.41274 96.53376 1 Funston
13-8 38.41298 96.53076 1 seep Funston
13-9 38.41191 96.52565 1 Threemile
13-13 38.41816 96.52704 1 Funston
13-17 38.41779 96.53053 1 Crouse
13-19 38.41518 96.53458 1 Middleburg
13-21 38.41661 96.53948 1 Crouse
13-26 38.41706 96.54789 1 Eiss
14-3 38.41692 96.51956 1 dry Threemile
14-13 38.40753 96.50292 1 Crouse
14-14 38.40685 96.50512 1 Funston
14-15 38.41033 96.50687 1 Crouse
15-1 38.40831 96.51520 1 Funston
15-2 38.40880 96.51651 1 Funston
15-4 38.40819 96.52157 1 Threemile
16-2 38.40910 96.52599 1 seep Funston
16-5 38.40983 96.53096 1 Funston
17-1 38.40642 96.56863 1 Speiser
17-6 38.41054 96.57743 1 dry Funston
1-2 38.49353 96.57417 <1 Funston
1-7 38.48694 96.58694 <1 Threemile
1-8 38.48564 96.57862 <1 Funston
1-9 38.48939 96.57813 <1 Crouse
1-13 38.48451 96.58178 <1 Funston
2-1 38.48362 96.57487 <1 Funston
2-2 38.47724 96.56919 <1 Crouse
2-5 38.47282 96.57238 <1 Funston
2-6 38.47326 96.57340 <1 Funston
3-7 38.46862 96.58372 <1 Funston
3-10 38.46468 96.58656 <1 Threemile
3-17 38.45800 96.57670 <1 Threemile
4-1 38.46345 96.59527 <1 dry Wymore
5-1 38.43699 96.59535 <1 dry Threemile
5-4 38.44226 96.59269 <1 Threemile
5-5 38.44241 96.59262 <1 Schroyer
5-7 38.44498 96.59341 <1 Threemile
5-8 38.44840 96.59322 <1 Threemile
5-9 38.45159 96.59350 <1 Threemile
5-10 38.45827 96.59153 <1 Kinney
5-13 38.42730 96.59754 <1 Threemile
6-2 38.44101 96.57104 <1 Crouse
6-6 38.45254 96.58061 <1 dry Threemile
6-11 38.45515 96.58647 <1 Wymore
6-12 38.45405 96.58493 <1 Schroyer
6-15 38.44685 96.58347 <1 Schroyer
6-20 38.44101 96.57855 <1 Threemile
6-21 (CS-J) 38.43938 96.58066 <1 Schroyer
6-26 38.45114 96.57017 <1 Funston
6-27 38.45099 96.56781 <1 Funston
6-28 38.44059 96.56565 <1 Eiss
6-29 38.44171 96.56071 <1 dry Eiss
7-1 38.45592 96.56843 <1 dry Funston
7-4 38.43785 96.55435 <1 Cottonwood
8-1 38.41239 96.58337 <1 Easly Ck
8-3 38.42562 96.57697 <1 Funston
8-4 38.42626 96.58315 <1 Crouse
8-5 38.42700 96.58311 <1 Crouse
8-6 38.42919 96.58154 <1 Funston
8-7 38.43316 96.57993 <1 Threemile
8-8 38.43396 96.58025 <1 Threemile
8-9 38.41880 96.58626 <1 Crouse
8-10 38.42197 96.58896 <1 Funston
8-11 38.41886 96.59137 <1 Funston
8-12 38.42218 96.59462 <1 Threemile
8-13 38.41846 96.59503 <1 Threemile
8-18 38.41074 96.58803 <1 Middleburg
8-19 38.43658 96.58641 <1 seep Schroyer
8-20 38.43699 96.58782 <1 dry Schroyer
8-22 38.43505 96.58891 <1 Threemile
8-23 38.43210 96.59140 <1 Threemile
8-24 38.43375 96.59296 <1 Schroyer
8-25 38.42807 96.59324 <1 Schroyer
8-29 (CS-C) 38.41365 96.57946 <1 <1 Threemile
9-1 38.43014 96.57487 <1 Threemile
9-3 38.42848 96.56739 <1 Crouse
9-4 38.42784 96.57073 <1 Funston
9-5 38.42810 96.57039 <1 Funston
9-6 38.43057 96.56124 <1 Eiss
10-3 38.40725 96.56357 <1 Funston
10-5 38.40740 96.55868 <1 Middleburg
10-6 38.41240 96.55906 <1 Middleburg
10-7 38.41179 96.55973 <1 Easly Ck
10-11 38.41561 96.56720 <1 Funston
10-14 38.41831 96.55981 <1 Eiss
10-16 38.42215 96.56896 <1 Funston
10-19 38.42065 96.57121 <1 Funston
13-10 38.41434 96.52440 <1 Threemile
13-14 38.41939 96.52796 <1 Funston
13-20 38.41277 96.54239 <1 Eiss
14-4 38.41871 96.51343 <1 Funston
14-6 38.41896 96.51072 <1 Crouse
14-7 38.42046 96.51063 <1 Crouse
14-11 38.41432 96.50885 <1 Crouse
16-1 38.40694 96.52596 <1 dry Funston
16-3 38.40925 96.52445 <1 Threemile
16-4 38.40859 96.52804 <1 dry Funston
16-8 38.40801 96.52738 <1 seep Funston
17-2 38.41117 96.57170 <1 Funston
17-3 38.41152 96.57526 <1 Funston
17-4 38.41389 96.57374 <1 Funston

Kansas Geological Survey, Geology
Placed online Oct. 3, 2008
Comments to webadmin@kgs.ku.edu
The URL for this page is http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/OFR/2001/OFR01_40/index.html