Dakota--FY89--Appendix A

Kansas Geological Survey, Open-File Rept. 90-27
Annual Report, FY89--Appendix A
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Appendix A

Development and Documentation of Data Bases Pertaining to the Dakota Aquifer

Introduction

One of the primary activities undertaken during the first year of the Dakota aquifer program was the development of data bases pertaining to the Dakota aquifer that would fulfill the needs of the program and at the same time be available to other users outside of the program. Many data sources were accessed to provide information for these data bases, including published and unpublished reports containing data compilations and untabulated data of the Kansas Geological Survey; the Kansas Department of Health and Environment; the Kansas Corporation Commission; the Division of Water Resources, Board of Agriculture; Groundwater Management Districts 3 and 5; and the U.S. Geological Survey Kansas District Office and CMRASA Program. Below is the documentation for these new Dakota aquifer-related geologic, hydrologic and hydrochemical data bases.

The Geologic and Geophysical Data Bases

In order to understand the flow of ground water within the Dakota aquifer it is first necessary to develop an understanding of the geologic framework. As a first step toward this, a regional-scale data base of 980 paper-copy gamma-ray logs (all in API calibrated units) was compiled, each log describing the interval from the land surface to the Permian Stone Corral Formation or other Permian horizon beneath the Dakota aquifer. The logs were selected from the KGS log library at a density of one per township (36 square miles) wherever possible, except along township lines 11 S and 16 S where four were selected per township (see Figure A.1 showing the database distribution). The 11S and 16S townships were chosen for further, more detailed work on the geologic framework. The availability of modern calibrated logs throughout much of this area is very good due to the large number of oil and gas exploration wells. However, there are gaps in the data base in regions of the state where oil and gas exploration has been minimal or where existing logs do not include strata below the top of the Dakota Formation. Many of the gamma-ray logs (which depict the natural gamma radiation of the rocks) are combined with spontaneous potential and resistivity or neutron logs.

Each gamma-ray log in the data base was digitized from the paper copy by RLB Consultants, Independence, Kansas. The data was stored on double-density floppy discs for PC use and were copied onto four 1600 BPI tapes for use on the KGS Data General MV20000 computer.

Using the paper copies of the gamma-ray logs, depths to the top of 10 selected geologic formations in the Cretaceous and Permian systems were determined for each log. Depths to formation tops were also added from 38 test-hole lithologic logs from north-central Kansas described in KGS Bulletins. Modern calibrated gamma-ray logs are not available for these test holes. Formation tops were tabulated in a data file called GAM.XYZDPTH (see Table A.1 for format and geologic formations selected). Using this data, two other files were created tabulating elevations above sea level of the 10 formations and thicknesses of six of the formations. These are called GAM.XYZZZ (see Table A.2) and GAM.XYTHCK (see Table A.3) respectively.

Figure A-1. Distribution of data in the geophysical-log data base.

The contouring system SurfaceIII (Sampson, 1988) was used with the files GAM.XYZZZ and GAM.XYTHCK to create contoured surface and isopach (thickness) maps for various formations listed in the respective files.

An additional file called KDEL.XYZ (see Table A.4) listing the elevation of the top of the Dakota Formation at over 5700 different locations, mostly in the outcrop/subcrop zone, was compiled from the data sources listed below:

The gamma-ray logs described above.
Lithologic logs from test hole data in KGS county bulletins.
GMD3 and GMD5 bedrock surface data.
KGS irrigation bulletins.
A preliminary study of the bedrock hydrogeology in central Kansas (Macfarlane et al., 1988).

Surface III was used with this data to create a detailed, formation-configuration map of the Dakota Formation.

Table A.1. Description and Format of GAM.XYZDPTH (Depths to Top of 10 Geologic Formations)

Record Position Description

01-13 Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)

14-36 Gimmap x and y coordinates

37-41 Elevation of datum above sea level

42-46 Depth to top of Carlile Shale (Kc)

47-51 Depth to top of Greenhorn Limestone (Kgh)

52-56 Depth to top of Graneros Shale (Kgr)

57-61 Depth to top of Dakota Formation (Kd)

62-66 Depth to top of Kiowa Shale (Kk)

67-71 Depth to top of Morrison Formation (Jm)

72-76 Depth to top of Upper Permian (Pu)

77-81 Depth to top of Cedar Hills (Pch)

82-86 Depth to top of Salt Plains (Psp)

87-91 Depth to top of Stone Corral (Psc)

Elevations and depths are in feet.
A record of 9999 indicates depth to top unknown or formation not present at this location.

Record Position	Description
01-13	Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)
14-36	Gimmap x and y coordinates
37-41	Elevation of datum above sea level
42-46	Depth to top of Carlile Shale (Kc)
47-51	Depth to top of Greenhorn Limestone (Kgh)
52-56	Depth to top of Graneros Shale (Kgr)
57-61	Depth to top of Dakota Formation (Kd)
62-66	Depth to top of Kiowa Shale (Kk)
67-71	Depth to top of Morrison Formation (Jm)
72-76	Depth to top of Upper Permian (Pu)
77-81	Depth to top of Cedar Hills (Pch)
82-86	Depth to top of Salt Plains (Psp)
87-91	Depth to top of Stone Corral (Psc)

Table A.2. Description and Format of GAM.XYZZZ (Elevations of Tops of 10 Geologic Formations)

Record Position Description

01-13 Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)

14-36 Gimmap x and y coordinates

37-41 Elevation of datum above sea level

42-46 Elevation of top of Carlile Shale (Kc)

47-51 Elevation of top of Greenhorn Limestone (Kgh)

52-56 Elevation of top of Graneros Shale (Kgr)

57-61 Elevation of top of Dakota Formation (Kd)

62-66 Elevation of top of Kiowa Shale (Kk)

67-71 Elevation of top of Morrison Formation (Jm)

72-76 Elevation of top of Upper Permian (Pu)

77-81 Elevation of top of Cedar Hills (Pch)

82-86 Elevation of top of Salt Plains (Psp)

87-91 Elevation of top of Stone Corral (Psc)

Elevations are in feet.
A record of 9999 indicates elevation above sea level unknown or formation not present at this location.

Record Position	Description
01-13	Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)
14-36	Gimmap x and y coordinates
37-41	Elevation of datum above sea level
42-46	Elevation of top of Carlile Shale (Kc)
47-51	Elevation of top of Greenhorn Limestone (Kgh)
52-56	Elevation of top of Graneros Shale (Kgr)
57-61	Elevation of top of Dakota Formation (Kd)
62-66	Elevation of top of Kiowa Shale (Kk)
67-71	Elevation of top of Morrison Formation (Jm)
72-76	Elevation of top of Upper Permian (Pu)
77-81	Elevation of top of Cedar Hills (Pch)
82-86	Elevation of top of Salt Plains (Psp)
87-91	Elevation of top of Stone Corral (Psc)

Table A.3. Description and Format of GAM.XYTHCK (Thicknesses of 6 Geologic Formations)

Record Position Description

01-13 Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)

14-36 Gimmap x and y coordinates

37-41 Thickness of Graneros Shale (Kgr)

42-46 Thickness of Dakota Formation (Kd)

47-51 Thickness of Kiowa and Cheyenne (Kk)

52-56 Thickness of Morrison Formation (Jm)

57-61 Thickness of Upper Permian (Pu)

62-66 Thickness of Cedar Hills (Pch)

Record Position	Description
01-13	Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)
14-36	Gimmap x and y coordinates
37-41	Thickness of Graneros Shale (Kgr)
42-46	Thickness of Dakota Formation (Kd)
47-51	Thickness of Kiowa and Cheyenne (Kk)
52-56	Thickness of Morrison Formation (Jm)
57-61	Thickness of Upper Permian (Pu)
62-66	Thickness of Cedar Hills (Pch)

Table A.4. Description and Format of KDEL.XYZ (Elevation Above Sea-Level of the Top of the Dakota Formation)

Record Position Description

01-13 Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)

14-36 Gimmap x and y coordinates

37-41 Elevation of top of Dakota Formation (in feet)

Thicknesses are in feet.
A record of 9999 indicates thickness unknown at this location.

Record Position	Description
01-13	Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)
14-36	Gimmap x and y coordinates
37-41	Elevation of top of Dakota Formation (in feet)

Hydraulic Head and Water-Use Data Bases

Hydraulic-head and water-use data of Kansas were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey CMRASA Program on magnetic tape to start development of these data bases. The hydraulic head data were plotted on 1:500,000 bases maps of Kansas and were compared with data tabulations in publications of the U.S. Geological Survey and Kansas Geological Survey to check for errors in the data provided on tape. Additional hydraulic head data were added from Macfarlane et al. (1988), from drill-stem tests completed as part of an effort by U.S. Geological Survey to obtain additional data on the Dakota aquifer in the deep subsurface of northwest Kansas, and from the literature. The data distribution used to prepare the potentiometric surface map of the Dakota aquifer (Plate 1) is shown in Figure A.2. The water-use data were transferred into the Kansas Geological Survey computer system and remain in the same format as they were obtained (see Spinazola et al. 1987). Additional water-use data for the 1980's will be added to this data base from paper copies of information on water appropriations supplied by the Division of Water Resources. Table A.5 shows the format used to store the hydraulic head data and associated water-level data.

Figure A-2.Distribution of water-level data used to produce the predevelopment potentiometric surface of the Dakota aquifer.

Table A.5. Description and Format of file WL.XYZ (Water Levels in the Lower Cretaceous Aquifer System)

Record Position Description

01 USGS file membership:
blank = working file only;
2 = project file and working file;
3 = data base, project file, and working file.

02 * = water level on same line was selected for USGS project mapping

03-12 Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)

13-37 Gimmap x and y coordinates

38-41 County code (see U.S. Department of Commerce, 1979)

42-46 Geohydrologic unit code name (see table 1, USGS Open-FileReport 87-396, 1987)

47-54 USGS geologic unit code (see table 1, USGS Open-File Report 87-396, 1987)

55-56 Importance of formation as a source of water to the well:
P = primary; S = secondary; N = noncontributing; U = unknown

57-64 Depth to top of formation

65-72 Altitude of land surface

73-80 Depth to bottom of well

81-88 Depth to top of screened interval

89-96 Depth to bottom of screened interval

97-104 Depth to bottom of casing

105-112 Depth to water

113-120 Altitude of water level

121-131 Date of water-level measurement in order of month/day/year

132 Source of data:
A = Static water level from aquifer test;
P = Static water level from production test;
G,L, or R = post-1929 measured water level;
O = pre-1930 measured water level (location
of well generally uncertain)

Depths and elevations are in feet.

Record Position	Description
01	USGS file membership: blank = working file only; 2 = project file and working file; 3 = data base, project file, and working file.
02	* = water level on same line was selected for USGS project mapping
03-12	Legal location (township, range, section, quarter)
13-37	Gimmap x and y coordinates
38-41	County code (see U.S. Department of Commerce, 1979)
42-46	Geohydrologic unit code name (see table 1, USGS Open-FileReport 87-396, 1987)
47-54	USGS geologic unit code (see table 1, USGS Open-File Report 87-396, 1987)
55-56	Importance of formation as a source of water to the well: P = primary; S = secondary; N = noncontributing; U = unknown
57-64	Depth to top of formation
65-72	Altitude of land surface
73-80	Depth to bottom of well
81-88	Depth to top of screened interval
89-96	Depth to bottom of screened interval
97-104	Depth to bottom of casing
105-112	Depth to water
113-120	Altitude of water level
121-131	Date of water-level measurement in order of month/day/year
132	Source of data: A = Static water level from aquifer test; P = Static water level from production test; G,L, or R = post-1929 measured water level; O = pre-1930 measured water level (location of well generally uncertain)

Water-Quality Data Base

Properties of the Water-Quality Data Base

The ground-water-quality data base is the most complex of the data bases needed in the Dakota aquifer investigation. The reason is that while geophysical, geologic, water-use, and water-level files may each have tens of different types of data entries for each record, the water-quality file has thousands of different entries possible for each record. The main component of the many quality entries is the thousands of different types of chemical properties, inorganic constituents and species, and organic compounds that can be determined.

Adding to the complexity of the data base is the different way in which many constituents and chemical properties can be measured and reported. For example, different analytical techniques have been used at different times to determine constituents and may give different results because they combine or exclude different species of the same element. In other cases, the analyses either represent the dissolved concentration of a constituent or the total content in a water (both the dissolved amount of the substance and that in the particulate matter included with the sample). The latter analysis is required for drinking water purposes because it is representative of the actual water consumed by the public. A dissolved concentration is more appropriate for determining the geochemistry of the aquifer water.

Some measurements are made in the field for unstable properties and constituents such as pH. Determinations of some of these properties and constituents in the laboratory may or may not be as good as the field values depending on the time since collection and preservation method. In cases where laboratory values are still valuable estimates of somewhat unstable properties and substances, a laboratory designation is attached to the analysis while a field code is included with the field measurement. Some determinations for the same constituent may be reported in different ways, for example, concentration in mg/L or microg/L and nitrate content expressed either as nitrate or nitrate-nitrogen. Finally, there may be different types of qualifications on the determination, including estimated values, less or greater than a certain value, determined but not detected, and quality control/assurance indications.

The U.S. Geological Survey uses a variable-length record for water-quality data, whether surface or ground water. Each record includes a sequence of analysis information before the actual chemical data. Each chemical property and constituent, reporting units, analytical method of analysis, and field or laboratory determination where appropriate are designated by a 5 digit parameter code. The current code list ranges from 00001 to 99830. Optional remarks codes for qualifications on the measurement, quality assurance, method, and precision accompany the parameter code and the value for a property or constituent. The advantage of the variable-length record is that only the properties and constituents for which there are data are included in the record. A powerful relational data-base management system is needed for this purpose that operates on the mainframe computers at the national centers of the USGS and on super minicomputers at the district offices of the Water Resources Divisions.

The Kansas Department of Health and Environment uses a water-quality data-base system with a fixed-length record for surface and ground waters. Each record containing values for water-quality properties and constituents is 3,040 characters long. The quality record is referenced through the data-base management system to a station master file that contains location and some other site information, as well as links to other files. The quality record begins with 80 characters of location, time, laboratory, and matrix information for sample collection and analysis. Specific positions containing 10 spaces each for measurement values of 296 different chemical properties and constituents follow the initial information.

The 296 properties and constituents are those that KDHE must measure for water-supply and waste-site purposes and are on the list of STORET parameter codes that are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The STORET and USGS parameter codes are the same. The chemical substances in the KDHE file include both inorganic and organic constituents. The categories of inorganic substances are mainly common constituents and metals, including those designated as priority pollutants. The organic compounds primarily comprise pesticides and volatile, acid, and base-neutral priority pollutants. Not all of the 296 positions are currently assigned to a specific chemical property or substance; several are vacant for future use.

The KDHE system of fixed-length records results in much vacant space in the data file. The data base operates on the State main frame computer in Topeka. Minicomputers are used to process data that is put on and taken from the main computer.

Kansas Geological Survey Ground-Water-Chemistry Data-Base System (KWATCHEM)

A data-base system for ground-water chemistry was developed for the Kansas Geological Survey as a part of the Dakota Aquifer Program. The system operates in the INFO relational data-base management software on the Data General MV-20000 computer. The INFO system is part of the ARC/INFO package obtained during 1989 at the Survey. Unfortunately, the INFO system cannot handle variable-length records. The Survey had attempted to obtain a more powerful relational data-base management system that could handle variable-length records, but the cost was too high for the current budget. Thus, the data-base system for ground-water quality had to be formed with the limitation of fixed-length records.

The number of chemical properties and constituents that the KGS could potentially use in water investigations is estimated as over several hundred. A logic of efficiency and economy of computer space and processing as well as flexibility was used during the development. First of all, the data base was constructed to be for subsurface waters only, thereby decreasing the amount of information needed for describing surface-water sites and samples. The resultant data base was designed for subsurface water samples taken from both the vadose (unsaturated) and the saturated zone, including ground waters as well as formation waters that have been sampled during petroleum exploration or production (oil-field brines).

The structure of the data base involves two types of files, (1) a master file containing information on the site characteristics including type and use of sampling site, sample geographic location (x, y data), and sample depth location (z data), and (2) a series of analytical files containing site identification reference, sample collection information, and chemical measurements. A record in the master file (Table A.6) exists for each unique sampling location (record positions 2-17). A sample location in latitude-longitude coordinates (record positions 2-14 in Table A.6) may have the same geographic location as another sample location, but a different depth, as in the case of multiple wells within tens of feet of each other or within a single borehole, or an individual well with multiple sample intervals. The master file for an unique location is structured such that a well or borehole sequence number (record positions 15-16) is used to indicate different holes or wells if more than one well or hole has the same geographic location, and a depth sequence letter (record position 17 for multiple sample intervals in one borehole or well. Thus, the file can handle different wells close to each other and with the same depth, such as a replacement well.

Table A.6 Master File for Site Locations in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-20 County code - USGS number

21-34 Township Range Section ABCD (to 2.4 acre tract)

35-38 Feet west of southeast corner of section

39-42 Feet north of southeast corner of section

43-49 X dimension - ARC/INFO conversion from longitude

50-56 Y dimension - ARC/INFO conversion from latitude

57 Medium code (soil water, spring, ground water, oil brine)

58-65 Geologic unit code - USGS

66-67 State drainage basin number

68-75 Drainage basin code - USGS

76-82 72000 Elevation of land surface, ft (F6.1)

83-90 72001 Depth of hole, total, ft (F7.1)

91-98 72008 Depth of well, total, ft (F7.1)

99-106 00003 Sampling depth, middle of interval, ft (F7.1)

107-114 72015 Depth of top of sample interval, ft (F7.1)

115-122 72016 Depth to bottom of sample interval, ft (F7.1)

123-130 72002 Depth to top of water bearing zone sampled, ft (F7.1)

131-138 72003 Depth to bottom of water bearing zone sampled, ft (F7.1)

139 Well, borehole, or lysimeter use or type - USGS code

140 Water use - USGS code

141-212 Descriptive location name, other site information

213-216 Site file record number

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-20		County code - USGS number
21-34		Township Range Section ABCD (to 2.4 acre tract)
35-38		Feet west of southeast corner of section
39-42		Feet north of southeast corner of section
43-49		X dimension - ARC/INFO conversion from longitude
50-56		Y dimension - ARC/INFO conversion from latitude
57		Medium code (soil water, spring, ground water, oil brine)
58-65		Geologic unit code - USGS
66-67		State drainage basin number
68-75		Drainage basin code - USGS
76-82	72000	Elevation of land surface, ft (F6.1)
83-90	72001	Depth of hole, total, ft (F7.1)
91-98	72008	Depth of well, total, ft (F7.1)
99-106	00003	Sampling depth, middle of interval, ft (F7.1)
107-114	72015	Depth of top of sample interval, ft (F7.1)
115-122	72016	Depth to bottom of sample interval, ft (F7.1)
123-130	72002	Depth to top of water bearing zone sampled, ft (F7.1)
131-138	72003	Depth to bottom of water bearing zone sampled, ft (F7.1)
139		Well, borehole, or lysimeter use or type - USGS code
140		Water use - USGS code
141-212		Descriptive location name, other site information
213-216		Site file record number

The resolution of the geographic location is to the nearest second of latitude and longitude, giving an areal rectangle of about 80 by 100 feet in Kansas. The legal location can be recorded to the nearest 1/256 of a section (2.5 acre for square-mile sections) in the master file (record positions 21-34) which is less accurate (larger) than the latitude-longitude rectangle. The latitude-longitude was selected as the site identification for the geographic location for this reason and also because it is the same identification that the USGS uses in their data-base system. Space was also provided in the master file for the county code (USGS system) in record positions 18-20, and feet west and feet north of the southeast corner of a section in record positions 35-38 and 39-42, respectively.

If only the legal location accompanies a record, the KGS computer program LEO is used to generate the latitude-longitude values for the file. Thus, many records are not actually accurate to the nearest second of latitude and longitude. The LEO program takes into account the many odd-shaped sections in Kansas. The Survey has continued to improve this program to more accurately convert section locations to latitude-longitude values. A problem that remains in the conversion, however, is that several different ways of recording legal locations exist. For example, if an odd-shaped section has sides that are not close to being perpendicular to one another and are not parallel to north-south and east-west lines, the different procedures for determining quarter sections and feet west and north of the southeast corner of a section could result in different locations, and therefore different latitude-longitude site identifications for a well.

The medium code in the master file indicates the type of sample site. Codes can be entered for unsaturated zone waters such as sampled from soil-suction lysimeters, for ground waters, and for brines produced during oil and gas extraction. The geologic unit code system used is the same as that of the USGS. Spaces for the State drainage-basin number and USGS drainage-basin code are provided to aid in rapidly assembling data for selected drainage basins. Both the use or type of the sample location and the water can also be entered according the same codes as used by the USGS.

Different depth-related or z-dimension data can be entered in a series of fields from record positions 76-138. They range from elevation of the land surface to depths of the borehole, well, and sample interval to depths of the top and bottom of the aquifer. This information is also coded according to the USGS data-base system for easier transfer of data.

A record in the analytical files represents a water sample collected at a site at a particular time. There are currently 8 analytical files in KWATCHEM (Tables A.7-A.14). Many unique sampling sites have multiple records due to collection on different dates, thus, the number of sample records in the analytical files exceeds the number of sample sites in the master file. Each analytical record can be related to the master file through the site identification, i.e., the latitude-longitude, well sequence number, and depth sequence letter that appear in the same positions (2-17) at the beginning of each analytical file as in the master file. The sample collection date and time follows the site identification. The sequence year, month, day is used because that is the order of search for dates. The full year number is entered because in about 10 years the number will change to 2000; use of only the last two digits of the year would allow confusion of early date in the 20th century with those in the 21st century.

Information on the agencies collecting and analyzing the samples is entered according to USGS codes. Positions are also provided for the laboratory sample number and the analysis status, such as under review, use in ongoing project only, or completed and ready for public release.

The rest of the data in the analytical files, starting with record position 48, is for physical-chemical properties and chemical concentrations. The maximum length of each file was set at 255 positions, the maximum operable line length in many text processing programs. Each analytical file contains a logical grouping of different chemical information. The chemical data are identified according to USGS parameter codes used in their WATSTORE system and in the U.S. EPA STORET system for water-quality data.

The first analytical file is called the major properties file (Table A.7). Physical and chemical properties for which entries can be made include temperature, conductance, pH, Eh, and specific gravity. Fields for dissolved solids concentration and common calculated characteristics of waters such as hardness and sodium adsorption ratio are also in the file.

Table A.7 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Major Physical and Chemical Properties.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 00010 Temperature, deg C

58-67 00095 Specific conductance, field, microS/cm at 25 deg C (F8.0)

68-77 90095 Specific conductance, lab, microS/cm at 25 deg C (F8.0)

78-87 00400 pH, field or on chilled sample <24 hours old in lab (F8.2)

88-97 00403 pH, lab (F8.2)

98-107 00515 Total-dissolved solids, residue at 105 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)

108-117 70300 Total-dissolved solids, residue at 180 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)

118-127 70301 Total-dissolved solids, sum of constituents, mg/L (F8.1)

128-137 00931 Sodium adsorption ratio, SAR (F8.2)

138-147 00932 Percent sodium (F8.2)

148-157 00900 Hardness, total, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)

158-167 00901 Hardness, carbonate, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)

168-177 00902 Hardness, non-carbonate, mg/L as CaCO₃ (95902) (F8.1)

178-187 00090 Eh, oxidation potential, mV (F8.1)

188-197 72013 Specific gravity (F8.4)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	00010	Temperature, deg C
58-67	00095	Specific conductance, field, microS/cm at 25 deg C (F8.0)
68-77	90095	Specific conductance, lab, microS/cm at 25 deg C (F8.0)
78-87	00400	pH, field or on chilled sample <24 hours old in lab (F8.2)
88-97	00403	pH, lab (F8.2)
98-107	00515	Total-dissolved solids, residue at 105 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)
108-117	70300	Total-dissolved solids, residue at 180 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)
118-127	70301	Total-dissolved solids, sum of constituents, mg/L (F8.1)
128-137	00931	Sodium adsorption ratio, SAR (F8.2)
138-147	00932	Percent sodium (F8.2)
148-157	00900	Hardness, total, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)
158-167	00901	Hardness, carbonate, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)
168-177	00902	Hardness, non-carbonate, mg/L as CaCO₃ (95902) (F8.1)
178-187	00090	Eh, oxidation potential, mV (F8.1)
188-197	72013	Specific gravity (F8.4)

Table A.8 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Dissolved Concentrations of Major and Minor Inorganic Constituents Commonly Determined by the KGS and USGS.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 00915 Ca, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

58-67 00925 Mg, dissolved, mg/L (F8.2)

68-77 00930 Na, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

78-87 00933 Na + K, dissolved, mg/L (old by difference calculation) (F8.1)

88-97 00935 K, dissolved, mg/L (F8.2)

98-107 39086 Alkalinity, dissolved, total, lab, mg/L (F8.1)

108-117 00440 Bicarbonate, field or chilled sample 48 hours old, mg/L (99440) (F8.1)

118-127 90440 Bicarbonate, lab (00453, 95440) (F8.1)

128-137 00445 Carbonate, field or chilled sample <24 hours old, mg/L (99445) (F8.1)

138-147 90445 Carbonate, lab, mg/L (95445) (F8.1)

148-157 00940 Chloride, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

158-167 00945 Sulfate, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

168-177 00631 Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)

178-187 71851 Nitrate, dissolved, mg/L as NO₃ (F8.3)

188-197 00950 Fluoride, mg/L (F8.2)

198-207 00955 Silica, dissolved, mg/L as SiO₂ (F8.2)

208-217 00608 Ammonia, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)

218-227 71846 Ammonia, dissolved, mg/L as NH₄ (F8.3)

228-237 00671 Orthophosphate, dissolved, mg/L as P (F8.3)

238-247 00660 Orthophosphate, dissolved, mg/L as PO₄ (F8.3)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	00915	Ca, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
58-67	00925	Mg, dissolved, mg/L (F8.2)
68-77	00930	Na, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
78-87	00933	Na + K, dissolved, mg/L (old by difference calculation) (F8.1)
88-97	00935	K, dissolved, mg/L (F8.2)
98-107	39086	Alkalinity, dissolved, total, lab, mg/L (F8.1)
108-117	00440	Bicarbonate, field or chilled sample 48 hours old, mg/L (99440) (F8.1)
118-127	90440	Bicarbonate, lab (00453, 95440) (F8.1)
128-137	00445	Carbonate, field or chilled sample <24 hours old, mg/L (99445) (F8.1)
138-147	90445	Carbonate, lab, mg/L (95445) (F8.1)
148-157	00940	Chloride, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
158-167	00945	Sulfate, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
168-177	00631	Nitrate plus nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)
178-187	71851	Nitrate, dissolved, mg/L as NO₃ (F8.3)
188-197	00950	Fluoride, mg/L (F8.2)
198-207	00955	Silica, dissolved, mg/L as SiO₂ (F8.2)
208-217	00608	Ammonia, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)
218-227	71846	Ammonia, dissolved, mg/L as NH₄ (F8.3)
228-237	00671	Orthophosphate, dissolved, mg/L as P (F8.3)
238-247	00660	Orthophosphate, dissolved, mg/L as PO₄ (F8.3)

The second analytical file contains values for the dissolved concentrations of major and minor inorganic constituents commonly determined by the KGS and USGS (Table 5.9). The third file comprises the total concentrations of major and minor inorganic substances that the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) commonly determines in water samples (Table A.9). The KDHE measures total concentrations because its main concerns relate to health, i.e., a person drinking water consumes constituents present in both the dissolved and particulate form. The KGS and USGS are generally more interested in the dissolved forms of the constituents to allow determination of water-rock interactions. Samples are usually filtered through 0.45 um membrane filters to separate the particulates from the sample before analysis for dissolved substances.

Table A.9 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Total Concentrations of Major and Minor Inorganic Constituents Commonly Determined by the KDHE.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 00916 Ca, total, mg/L (F8.1)

58-67 00927 Mg, total, mg/L (F8.1)

68-77 00929 Na, total, mg/L (F8.1)

78-87 00937 K, total, mg/L (F8.1)

88-97 00410 Alkalinity, total, field or chilled sample, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)

98-107 90410 Alkalinity, total, lab, mg/L as CaCO₃ (00417, 95410) (F8.1)

108-117 00430 Alkalinity, carbonate, field, mg/L as CaCO₃ (99430) (F8.1)

118-127 00940 Chloride, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

128-137 90945 Sulfate, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)

138-147 00630 Nitrate plus nitrite, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)

148-157 00618 Nitrate, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)

158-167 00951 Fluoride, total, mg/L (F8.2)

168-177 00610 Ammonia, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)

178-187 00665 Phosphorus, total, mg/L as P (F8.3)

188-197 01022 Boron, total, microg/L as B (F8.0)

198-207 01045 Iron, total, microg/L as Fe (F8.0)

208-217 01055 Manganese, total, microg/L as Mn (F8.0)

218-227 01105 Aluminum, total, microg/L as Al (F8.1)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	00916	Ca, total, mg/L (F8.1)
58-67	00927	Mg, total, mg/L (F8.1)
68-77	00929	Na, total, mg/L (F8.1)
78-87	00937	K, total, mg/L (F8.1)
88-97	00410	Alkalinity, total, field or chilled sample, mg/L as CaCO₃ (F8.1)
98-107	90410	Alkalinity, total, lab, mg/L as CaCO₃ (00417, 95410) (F8.1)
108-117	00430	Alkalinity, carbonate, field, mg/L as CaCO₃ (99430) (F8.1)
118-127	00940	Chloride, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
128-137	90945	Sulfate, dissolved, mg/L (F8.1)
138-147	00630	Nitrate plus nitrite, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)
148-157	00618	Nitrate, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)
158-167	00951	Fluoride, total, mg/L (F8.2)
168-177	00610	Ammonia, total, mg/L as N (F8.3)
178-187	00665	Phosphorus, total, mg/L as P (F8.3)
188-197	01022	Boron, total, microg/L as B (F8.0)
198-207	01045	Iron, total, microg/L as Fe (F8.0)
208-217	01055	Manganese, total, microg/L as Mn (F8.0)
218-227	01105	Aluminum, total, microg/L as Al (F8.1)

The fourth analytical file consists of dissolved concentrations of additional minor and trace inorganic constituents that the KGS or USGS may occasionally measure (Table A.10). The constituents include the metals iron, manganese, and aluminum, certain alkali and alkaline earth elements, and non-metals. The next file contains the dissolved concentration of dissolved trace metals (Table A.11). The sixth file is nearly identical to the fifth, except that the data is for the total contents of the trace metals as needed by the KDHE for assessment of water potability (Table A.12).

Table A.10 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Dissolved Concentrations of Minor and Trace Inorganic Constituents. Includes iron, manganese, and aluminum, alkale and alkaline earth elements, and non-metals.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 01020 Boron, dissolved, microg/L as B (F8.1)

58-68 01046 Iron, dissolved, microg/L as Fe (F9.1)

69-79 01047 Iron, ferrous, dissolved, as Fe (F9.1)

80-89 01056 Manganese, dissolved, microg/L as Mn (F8.1)

90-99 01106 Aluminum, dissolved, microg/L as Al (F8.1)

100-109 00613 Nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)

110-119 71856 Nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as NO₂ (F8.3)

120-129 00666 Phosphorus, dissolved, mg/L as P (F8.3)

130-139 01130 Lithium, dissolved, microg/L as Li (F8.0)

140-149 01135 Rubidium, dissolved, microg/L as Rb (F8.1)

150-159 01115 Cesium, dissolved, microg/L as Cs (F8.1)

160-169 01080 Strontium, dissolved, microg/L as Sr (F8.0)

170-179 01005 Barium, dissolved, microg/L as Ba (F8.1)

180-190 71870 Bromide, dissolved, microg/L as Br (F8.0)

191-201 71867 Inorganic iodine, dissolved, microg/L as I (F9.1)

202-212 71865 Iodide, dissolved, microg/L as I (F9.1)

213-222 71868 Iodate, dissolved, microg/L as I (F8.1)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	01020	Boron, dissolved, microg/L as B (F8.1)
58-68	01046	Iron, dissolved, microg/L as Fe (F9.1)
69-79	01047	Iron, ferrous, dissolved, as Fe (F9.1)
80-89	01056	Manganese, dissolved, microg/L as Mn (F8.1)
90-99	01106	Aluminum, dissolved, microg/L as Al (F8.1)
100-109	00613	Nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as N (F8.3)
110-119	71856	Nitrite, dissolved, mg/L as NO₂ (F8.3)
120-129	00666	Phosphorus, dissolved, mg/L as P (F8.3)
130-139	01130	Lithium, dissolved, microg/L as Li (F8.0)
140-149	01135	Rubidium, dissolved, microg/L as Rb (F8.1)
150-159	01115	Cesium, dissolved, microg/L as Cs (F8.1)
160-169	01080	Strontium, dissolved, microg/L as Sr (F8.0)
170-179	01005	Barium, dissolved, microg/L as Ba (F8.1)
180-190	71870	Bromide, dissolved, microg/L as Br (F8.0)
191-201	71867	Inorganic iodine, dissolved, microg/L as I (F9.1)
202-212	71865	Iodide, dissolved, microg/L as I (F9.1)
213-222	71868	Iodate, dissolved, microg/L as I (F8.1)

Table A.11 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Dissolved Concentrations of Trace Metals.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 01095 Antimony, dissolved, microg/L as Sb (F8.1)

58-67 01000 Arsenic, dissolved, microg/L as As (F8.1)

68-77 01010 Beryllium, dissolved, microg/L as Be (F8.2)

78-87 01015 Bismuth, dissolved, microg/L as Bi (F8.1)

88-97 01025 Cadmium, dissolved, microg/L as Cd (F8.2)

98-107 01030 Chromium, dissolved, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)

108-117 01032 Chromium, hexavalent, dissolved, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)

118-127 01035 Cobalt, dissolved, microg/L as Co (F8.1)

128-137 01040 Copper, dissolved, microg/L as Cu (F8.1)

138-147 01049 Lead, dissolved, microg/L as Pb (F8.2)

148-157 71890 Mercury, dissolved, microg/L as Hg (F8.2)

158-167 01060 Molybdenum, dissolved, microg/L as Mo (F8.1)

168-177 01065 Nickel, dissolved, microg/L as Ni (F8.1)

178-187 01145 Selenium, dissolved, microg/L as Se (F8.1)

188-197 01075 Silver, dissolved, microg/L as Ag (F8.2)

198-207 01057 Thallium, dissolved, microg/L as Tl (F8.1)

208-217 01100 Tin, dissolved, microg/L as Sn (F8.1)

218-227 01150 Titanium, dissolved, microg/L as Ti (F8.1)

228-237 01085 Vanadium, dissolved, microg/L as V (F8.1)

238-247 01090 Zinc, dissolved, microg/L as Zn (F8.1)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	01095	Antimony, dissolved, microg/L as Sb (F8.1)
58-67	01000	Arsenic, dissolved, microg/L as As (F8.1)
68-77	01010	Beryllium, dissolved, microg/L as Be (F8.2)
78-87	01015	Bismuth, dissolved, microg/L as Bi (F8.1)
88-97	01025	Cadmium, dissolved, microg/L as Cd (F8.2)
98-107	01030	Chromium, dissolved, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)
108-117	01032	Chromium, hexavalent, dissolved, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)
118-127	01035	Cobalt, dissolved, microg/L as Co (F8.1)
128-137	01040	Copper, dissolved, microg/L as Cu (F8.1)
138-147	01049	Lead, dissolved, microg/L as Pb (F8.2)
148-157	71890	Mercury, dissolved, microg/L as Hg (F8.2)
158-167	01060	Molybdenum, dissolved, microg/L as Mo (F8.1)
168-177	01065	Nickel, dissolved, microg/L as Ni (F8.1)
178-187	01145	Selenium, dissolved, microg/L as Se (F8.1)
188-197	01075	Silver, dissolved, microg/L as Ag (F8.2)
198-207	01057	Thallium, dissolved, microg/L as Tl (F8.1)
208-217	01100	Tin, dissolved, microg/L as Sn (F8.1)
218-227	01150	Titanium, dissolved, microg/L as Ti (F8.1)
228-237	01085	Vanadium, dissolved, microg/L as V (F8.1)
238-247	01090	Zinc, dissolved, microg/L as Zn (F8.1)

Table A.12 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Total Concentrations of Trace Metals.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 01097 Antimony, total, microg/L as Sb (F8.1)

58-67 01002 Arsenic, total, microg/L as As (F8.1)

68-77 01007 Barium, total, microg/L as Ba (F8.1)

78-87 01012 Beryllium, total, microg/L as Be (F8.2)

88-97 01017 Bismuth, total, microg/L as Bi (F8.1)

98-107 01027 Cadmium, total, microg/L as Cd (F8.2)

108-117 01034 Chromium, total, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)

118-127 01037 Cobalt, total, microg/L as Co (F8.1)

128-137 01042 Copper, total, microg/L as Cu (F8.1)

138-147 01051 Lead, total, microg/L as Pb (F8.2)

148-157 71900 Mercury, total, microg/L as Hg (F8.2)

158-167 01062 Molybdenum, total, microg/L as Mo (F8.1)

168-177 01067 Nickel, total, microg/L as Ni (F8.1)

178-187 01147 Selenium, total, microg/L as Se (F8.1)

188-197 01077 Silver, total, microg/L as Ag (F8.2)

198-207 01059 Thallium, total, microg/L as Tl (F8.1)

208-217 01102 Tin, total, microg/L as Sn (F8.1)

218-227 01152 Titanium, total, microg/L as Ti (F8.1)

228-237 01087 Vanadium, total, microg/L as V (F8.1)

238-247 01092 Zinc, total, microg/L as Zn (F8.1)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	01097	Antimony, total, microg/L as Sb (F8.1)
58-67	01002	Arsenic, total, microg/L as As (F8.1)
68-77	01007	Barium, total, microg/L as Ba (F8.1)
78-87	01012	Beryllium, total, microg/L as Be (F8.2)
88-97	01017	Bismuth, total, microg/L as Bi (F8.1)
98-107	01027	Cadmium, total, microg/L as Cd (F8.2)
108-117	01034	Chromium, total, microg/L as Cr (F8.1)
118-127	01037	Cobalt, total, microg/L as Co (F8.1)
128-137	01042	Copper, total, microg/L as Cu (F8.1)
138-147	01051	Lead, total, microg/L as Pb (F8.2)
148-157	71900	Mercury, total, microg/L as Hg (F8.2)
158-167	01062	Molybdenum, total, microg/L as Mo (F8.1)
168-177	01067	Nickel, total, microg/L as Ni (F8.1)
178-187	01147	Selenium, total, microg/L as Se (F8.1)
188-197	01077	Silver, total, microg/L as Ag (F8.2)
198-207	01059	Thallium, total, microg/L as Tl (F8.1)
208-217	01102	Tin, total, microg/L as Sn (F8.1)
218-227	01152	Titanium, total, microg/L as Ti (F8.1)
228-237	01087	Vanadium, total, microg/L as V (F8.1)
238-247	01092	Zinc, total, microg/L as Zn (F8.1)

The seventh analytical file includes concentration data for dissolved gases and miscellaneous properties and constituents related to drinking waters such as in the KDHE computer data system for water quality (Table 5.14). The last file presently in KWATCHEM contains fields for radioactive constituent concentrations and properties (Table 5.15). Additional analytical files that will be constructed in the future will include groups of organic substances in water. However, the Dakota aquifer program concerns mainly natural sources of constituents. The main current effect of anthropogenic activities on Dakota water quality are related to salinity from oil-field brines and from past agricultural practices that could affect nitrate and dissolved inorganic substances. More recent agricultural activities involving organic pesticides may also begin to affect water quality as recharge waters reach shallow portions of the Dakota aquifer. Table A.13 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Dissolved Gases and Miscellaneous Drinking Related Properties and Constituents in KDHE Water-Quality Data System.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 00299 Oxygen, dissolved, polaragraphic probe, mg/L (F8.2)

58-67 00300 Oxygen, dissolved, chemical analysis, mg/L (F8.2)

68-77 00746 Sulfur, dissolved, mg/L as S (F8.2)

78-87 71875 Hydrogen sulfide, dissolved, mg/L as H₂S (F8.2)

88-97 00310 BOD, Biochemical oxygen demand, 5-day at 20 deg C, mg/L (F8.2)

98-107 00335 COD, Chemical oxygen demand, 0.025N dichromate, mg/L (F8.2)

108-117 00681 Organic carbon, dissolved, mg/L as C (F8.2)

118-127 00680 Organic carbon, total, mg/L as C (F8.2)

128-137 00720 Cyanide, total, mg/L as CN (F8.2)

138-147 81375 Organic halogen, total, microg/L (F8.2)

148-157 32730 Phenols, total, microg/L (F8.2)

158-167 38260 Methylene blue active substance, mg/L (F8.2)

168-177 00076 Turbidity, NTU (F8.2)

178-187 00530 Suspended solids, residue at 105 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)

188-197 74021 Sodium bicarbonate alkalinity (F8.1)

198-207 31501 Coliform, membrane filter, immed. M-endo medium (col/100 mL) (F8.1)

208-217 31616 Fecal coliform, mem. filter, M-FC med. 44.5 deg (col/100 mL) (F8.1)

218-227 31673 Fecal streptococci, membrane filter, KF agar (col/100 mL) (F8.1)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	00299	Oxygen, dissolved, polaragraphic probe, mg/L (F8.2)
58-67	00300	Oxygen, dissolved, chemical analysis, mg/L (F8.2)
68-77	00746	Sulfur, dissolved, mg/L as S (F8.2)
78-87	71875	Hydrogen sulfide, dissolved, mg/L as H₂S (F8.2)
88-97	00310	BOD, Biochemical oxygen demand, 5-day at 20 deg C, mg/L (F8.2)
98-107	00335	COD, Chemical oxygen demand, 0.025N dichromate, mg/L (F8.2)
108-117	00681	Organic carbon, dissolved, mg/L as C (F8.2)
118-127	00680	Organic carbon, total, mg/L as C (F8.2)
128-137	00720	Cyanide, total, mg/L as CN (F8.2)
138-147	81375	Organic halogen, total, microg/L (F8.2)
148-157	32730	Phenols, total, microg/L (F8.2)
158-167	38260	Methylene blue active substance, mg/L (F8.2)
168-177	00076	Turbidity, NTU (F8.2)
178-187	00530	Suspended solids, residue at 105 deg C, mg/L (F8.1)
188-197	74021	Sodium bicarbonate alkalinity (F8.1)
198-207	31501	Coliform, membrane filter, immed. M-endo medium (col/100 mL) (F8.1)
208-217	31616	Fecal coliform, mem. filter, M-FC med. 44.5 deg (col/100 mL) (F8.1)
218-227	31673	Fecal streptococci, membrane filter, KF agar (col/100 mL) (F8.1)

Table A.14 Analytical File in the KWATCHEM Water-Quality Data-Base System for Radioactive Constituents and Properties.

Record position USGS code Description

1 File number

2-14 Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS

15-16 Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS

17 Site ID - sample depth sequence letter

18-25 Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)

26-29 Time - 24 hour clock

30-34 00027 Agency collecting sample, USGS code

35-39 00028 Agency analyzing sample, USGS code

40-46 Lab number

47 Analysis status

48-57 01515 Gross alpha radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as U natural (F8.2)

58-67 01516 Gross alpha radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as U natural (F8.2)

68-77 03515 Gross beta radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as Cs-137 (F8.2)

78-87 03516 Gross beta radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as Cs-137 (F8.2)

88-97 80050 Gross beta radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as Sr/Yt-90 (F8.2)

98-107 03517 Gross beta radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as Sr/Yt-90 (80060) (F8.2)

108-117 22703 Uranium, natural, dissolved, microg/L as U (F8.2)

118-127 22705 Uranium, natural, suspended total, microg/L as U (F8.2)

128-137 80020 Uranium, dissolved, extraction fluorometric, microg/L as U (F8.2)

138-147 09511 Radium, dissolved, radon method, pc/L (F8.3)

148-157 09505 Radium, suspended total, pc/L (F8.3)

158-167 82305 Radon 222, dissolved, pc/L (F8.2)

168-177 82362 Radon 222, dissolved gas, pc/L (F8.2)

178-187 82303 Radon 222, total, pc/L (F8.2)

188-197 07005 Tritium, dissolved, pc/L (F8.2)

198-207 07018 Tritium, dissolved, tritium units (F8.2)

Record position	USGS code	Description
1		File number
2-14		Site ID - Lat, Long (deg, min, sec), same as USGS
15-16		Site ID - well or borehole sequence number, same as USGS
17		Site ID - sample depth sequence letter
18-25		Collection date - Year (1989) Mon (05) Day (05)
26-29		Time - 24 hour clock
30-34	00027	Agency collecting sample, USGS code
35-39	00028	Agency analyzing sample, USGS code
40-46		Lab number
47		Analysis status
48-57	01515	Gross alpha radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as U natural (F8.2)
58-67	01516	Gross alpha radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as U natural (F8.2)
68-77	03515	Gross beta radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as Cs-137 (F8.2)
78-87	03516	Gross beta radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as Cs-137 (F8.2)
88-97	80050	Gross beta radioactivity, dissolved, pc/L as Sr/Yt-90 (F8.2)
98-107	03517	Gross beta radioactivity, suspended total, pc/L as Sr/Yt-90 (80060) (F8.2)
108-117	22703	Uranium, natural, dissolved, microg/L as U (F8.2)
118-127	22705	Uranium, natural, suspended total, microg/L as U (F8.2)
128-137	80020	Uranium, dissolved, extraction fluorometric, microg/L as U (F8.2)
138-147	09511	Radium, dissolved, radon method, pc/L (F8.3)
148-157	09505	Radium, suspended total, pc/L (F8.3)
158-167	82305	Radon 222, dissolved, pc/L (F8.2)
168-177	82362	Radon 222, dissolved gas, pc/L (F8.2)
178-187	82303	Radon 222, total, pc/L (F8.2)
188-197	07005	Tritium, dissolved, pc/L (F8.2)
198-207	07018	Tritium, dissolved, tritium units (F8.2)

Ground-Water Quality Data Sources for the Dakota Aquifer Program

There are several sources of water-quality data obtained, examined, and, in some cases revised, that were used for the Dakota aquifer study: publications of the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS), data recently obtained from water analyses at the Kansas Geological Survey and Kansas State University conducted as part of the Dakota study, computer data files from the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), computer data files of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) available through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE), and paper files of the KDHE.

The data from KGS publications are mainly in the Bulletins, Chemical Series, and Irrigation Series, as well as from some recent publications. The Bulletins include data collected from the late 1930's to the early 1960's. The data collected during the 1970's are listed in the Chemical and Irrigation series. Table 5.16 lists KGS publications containing water-quality data that were examined for Dakota water analyses. Chemical analyses from recent KGS reports and generated during this study on the Dakota aquifer, including water samples collected and analyzed by Kansas State University during the irrigation efficiency study, were entered into the KWATCHEM data base.

Table A.15. Kansas Geological Survey publications for counties in Kansas where strata of the Dakota aquifer crop out or are present in the subsurface. The table shows the possible sources of water-quality data published by the Survey. Not all publications may actually include chemical data for the Dakota aquifer. The column for DB sites includes the number of sites containing water-quality data in the KWATCHEM data-base system.

County DB Sites KGS Publications

Barton 47 Bull. no. 88, p. 118-121; OFR 88-39

Cheyenne 0 CS no. 7

Clark 0

County	DB Sites	KGS Publications
Barton	47	Bull. no. 88, p. 118-121; OFR 88-39
Cheyenne	0	CS no. 7
Clark	0

Several different formatted computer data files were obtained from the USGS office. The working file and the subset of the working file called the QW file for the Dakota aquifer (Great Plains aquifer) portion of the Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) program were obtained in an HN2 card-formatted format. A WATSTORE file for the Dakota was also obtained and was in a spreadsheet-formated file. A card-formatted file was also obtained in the 1-star version. A majority of the data currently in the KWATCHEM system for the Dakota study came from the USGS files. The files overlap one another. The time period of the data in each file is dependent upon the publishing date; the newer the version, the more data present.

Data from the EPA/KDHE in the STORET format were largely included in the USGS files, except for more recent data collected in 1985 - 1987.

Examination, Correction, and Entering of Source Data

Early in the process of using the USGS data sets from the RASA study, many problems were found in the data. There were many duplicate records that had essentially the same data, multiple records that existed for the same location and sampling date, and records that contained errors. The duplicate records were largely caused by slight differences in the data such as chemical concentrations rounded to different numbers of significant digits. In some cases, the chemical concentrations were the same, but a couple constituents were entered under a different code, such as a dissolved form in one record and a total form in the other record. Multiple records contained much of the same data, but had different additional site and chemical information. Errors found in the records ranged from incorrect entries from the original data to incorrect coding of the chemical data.

A series of interactive FORTRAN programs were written to retrieve the data in different formats. The programs searched for chemical parameters codes and their associates values. The output format was modified to the form needed for data examination. Other programs were written to manipulate the data to keep remarks codes in a consistent form to allow comparison of data from different sources. Each data file was checked for duplication of records within itself by a computer program. The duplicate records were eliminated, and new unique-record files were created. These files were then compared for duplicate records among the different sources, and the duplicates were deleted.

The data also were checked by several approaches to make sure the data are reliable. The methods included calculations of cation-anion charge balance, comparison of measured and calculated total-dissolved solids concentrations and specific conductances (using the approximate fraction of 2/3 of the specific conductance in micromho/cm or microS equals the TDS in mg/L), comparison of the hardness content listed with that computed from the calcium and magnesium listed, comparison of the alkalinity reported with the bicarbonate concentration listed converted to alkalinity, comparison of the non-carbonate hardness with the alkalinity, and other comparisons. When a value was found that was inconsistent with the rest of the record, an attempt was made to find the probable original source of the data in a publication. Most of those found were in KGS bulletins and series. Any discrepancy in the computer file relative to a published record was then corrected. Most of the errors were found in the USGS working file used in the RASA study. However, a few errors were also found in the USGS WATSTORE data that the district and national offices of the USGS use. The following are specifics of most of the types of errors found in the data:

Mistyped numbers.
Incorrect well depth and/or sampling depth entered, for example, in many cases, one of the sampling depths of an observation well with multiple sampling intervals treated as the total well depth.
Incorrect geological unit code, either not matching that listed in the publication, or the sampling depth not agreeing the geologic unit for that interval.
Over-rounded values, such as 760 rounded to 1000.
Misplaced decimal point.
Values placed under a wrong code, such as the total hardness (00900) values placed under non-carbonate hardness (95902) in a WATSTORE file.
Miscalculation of computed values such as hardness or TDS.
Incorrect location, such as data in the computer file matching that for a sample collected from another well location for which an analysis is listed in the source publication, but not the analysis for the listed location.

In several cases, the source of an inconsistency in a computer file could not be determined. For a few records for which the source publication was located, the origin of the inconsistency could not be conclusively identified because there was a possibility that the publication may have contained a typographical error or misprinted information. Source publications could not be located for a few records with inconsistencies such as larger charge-balance errors and no constituent with an obviously large or small concentration. A few records also contained values of constituents that appeared unreasonable in comparison with other constituent concentrations or for data for nearby wells, although the data might actually be real. These data were left in the data base because most of the values in the records appear correct and provide useful information for the Dakota study.

During the course of the data inspection and correction, additional data were found in previous publications that are not in the USGS or EPA computer files. These, and data recently generated as part of the KGS Dakota Program, were entered into the KWATCHEM files.

Location information for the corrected, unique records are stored in both latitude-longitude and township-range-section formats in KWATCHEM. possible problem encountered during the data-base development was the procedure for entering new records. The problem is the inconsistency of using a location-convert program. For example, the original well location is often expressed as a legal location. This location has to be converted to the global location system for projection to x and y coordinated for use in computer graphics programs. In other cases, digitized data may contain the latitude and longitude values. Location data in these records may have been generated by a different system than the KGS LEO conversion program or by an earlier version of this program, and therefore may not have exactly the same location numbers as the ones obtained from the current KGS LEO program. In order to make sure that a truly unique site is being entered, both longitude-latitude and by township-range-section information must be checked.

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Kansas Geological Survey, Dakota Project
Original report available from the Kansas Geological Survey.
Electronic version placed online Nov. 1998
Scientific comments to P. Allen Macfarlane
Web comments to webadmin@kgs.ku.edu
URL=http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Dakota/vol3/fy89/app_a.htm