Kansas Geological Survey, Current Research in Earth Sciences, Bulletin 247, part 1
Modeling Dielectric-constant Values of Geologic Materials: An Aid to Ground-penetrating Radar Data Collection and Interpretation

Table 4. Dielectric modeling results of the effect of water saturation on sandstones.

Model	Upper:Lower Water Saturation (%)	Bulk Dielectric Constant (upper layer)	Bulk Dielectric Constant (lower layer)	Reflection Coefficient	TWT to Interface (ns)	TWT for Entire Interval (ns)
1: Homogeneous sandstone (Fig. 6)	10:10	4.04	4.04	0	6.70	13.39
	10:15	4.04	4.62	-0.0337	6.70	13.86
	10:20	4.04	5.24	-0.0651	6.70	14.33
	10:25	4.04	5.90	-0.0946	6.70	14.79
	10:30	4.04	6.60	-0.1223	6.70	15.26
	10:35	4.04	7.34	-0.1484	6.70	15.73
	10:40	4.04	8.12	-0.1729	6.70	16.19
	10:45	4.04	8.93	-0.1961	6.70	16.66
	10:50	4.04	9.79	-0.2180	6.70	17.13
	10:55	4.04	10.69	-0.2387	6.70	17.59
	10:60	4.04	11.62	-0.2584	6.70	18.06
	10:65	4.04	12.59	-0.2771	6.70	18.53
	10:70	4.04	13.61	-0.2949	6.70	18.99
	10:80	4.04	15.75	-0.3279	6.70	19.93
	10:90	4.04	18.05	-0.3580	6.70	20.86
	10:100	4.04	20.51	-0.3855	6.70	21.79
2: Sandstone with variable porosity (Fig. 7)	0:0	2.99	3.60	-0.0464	5.76	12.09
	5:5	3.49	3.91	-0.0281	6.23	12.82
	10:10	4.04	4.23	-0.0119	6.70	13.55
	15:15	4.62	4.57	0.0028	7.16	14.29
	20:20	5.24	4.92	0.0159	7.63	15.02
	25:25	5.90	5.28	0.0279	8.10	15.75
	30:30	6.60	5.65	0.0388	8.56	16.49
	35:35	7.34	6.04	0.0487	9.03	17.22
	40:40	8.12	6.44	0.0579	9.50	17.95
	45:45	8.93	6.85	0.0663	9.96	18.69
	50:50	9.79	7.27	0.0741	10.43	19.42
	60:60	11.62	8.16	0.0881	11.36	20.89
	70:70	13.61	9.10	0.1002	12.30	22.35
	80:80	15.75	10.09	0.1108	13.23	23.82
	90:90	18.05	11.14	0.1202	14.16	25.29
	100:100	20.51	12.23	0.1286	15.10	26.75
3: Sandstone with variable lithology and porosity (Fig. 8)	0:0	2.99	4.10	-0.0791	5.76	12.52
	5:5	3.49	4.43	-0.0596	6.23	13.25
	10:10	4.04	4.78	-0.0422	6.70	13.98
	15:15	4.62	5.13	-0.0265	7.16	14.72
	20:20	5.24	5.50	-0.0123	7.63	15.45
	25:25	5.90	5.88	0.0006	8.10	16.18
	30:30	6.60	6.28	0.0124	8.56	6.92
	35:35	7.34	6.69	0.0232	9.03	17.65
	40:40	8.12	7.11	0.0332	9.50	18.38
	45:45	8.93	7.54	0.0424	9.96	19.12
	50:50	9.79	7.99	0.0509	10.43	19.85
	60:60	11.62	8.92	0.0661	11.36	21.32
	70:70	13.61	9.90	0.0794	12.30	22.78
	80:80	15.75	10.93	0.0911	13.23	24.25
	90:90	18.05	12.01	0.1015	14.16	25.72
	100:100	20.51	13.15	0.1107	15.10	27.18