Version Number |
Date |
| July 31, 2003 | |
| June 25, 2003 | |
| May 19, 2003 | |
| May 14, 2003 | |
March 3, 2003 |
|
| December 9, 2002 | |
| August 13, 2002 | |
| June 25, 2002 | |
| May 2, 2002 | |
| March 19, 2002 | |
| January 29, 2002 |
Kansas Hydrocarbon Associations Navigator (KHAN)
KHAN is being designed to conduct statistical modeling (continuous variable prediction, discriminant analysis, and clustering) of large databases to derive meaningful patterns including assessing pay in multiple LAS files. The module will accomplish data mining via statistical analysis of databases. The process will be automated and semi-automated, the later to accomplish revealing meaningful patterns in large volumes of data in a reasonable amount of time. The predecessor of KHAN is KIPLING demonstrated the ability to predict descrete and continuous variables such as lithofacies and permeability using wireline logs (http://www.kgs.ukans.edu/software/Kipling/Kipling1.html). KHAN fits in the family of applications that include classical and localized regression, smoothing splines and kernel functions, neural networks, and CMAC (Cerebellar Model Arithmetic Computer). Hagens and Doeveton (1991) adapted the CMAC algorithm for use in representing a general function of multiple variables and applied the algorithm to mappinf of a geological surface. The software developed for this work was a predecessor to the Kipling software.
A general application for KHAN is to predict "electrofacies", discrete geometric units that ideally are correlatable and correspond to significant, rationale geologic rock bodies. In other words, the petrophysical classification resulting from this "electrofacies" analysis might be based on a "training set" consisting of petrofacies (lithofacies+pore types) or genetic stratigraphic units such as flooding units, condensed sections, and palesols. Moreover, the user may want to distinquish rock that is hydorcarbon pay. Systematic classification of pay in a field, region, or basin could be used to process new LAS files for hydrocarbon show in a quantitative manner. Systematizing pay at the field level could help develop the reservoirs by helping identify priority areas and intervals.
Dialogs will lead the user through specifying training variables and defining model parameters. Predictions will be made and the model will be matched to the dataset variables. Plot will be generated of the predicted electrofacies probabilities.
Synthetic Seismogram
The Synthetic Seismogram algorithm that drives the this module will convolve reflection coefficients with a first order Ricker Wavelet whose frequency is chosen by the User. This method is widely used in commercial synthetic seismogram software packages.
The steps in the procedure are:
In the GEMINI version, the two major simplifying features will be that:
However, these simplications are minor and do not adversly affect the ability of reflection events on the synthetic to be matched easily with a field seismic record as demonstrated by the following case-study example, using the algorithm described implemented by KOALA (a Kansas Geological Survey software package).
ASCII Output for Reservoir Simulation
Gemini provides the user with the option to save grid data from Data Parameterization module such that it can be used as part of the input file of reservoir simulators such as DOE's BOAST3, BOAST98, and EdBOAST. Currently, the Data Parameterization Module enables the user to map parameters such as gross and net pay, porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon saturation-feet. The user can Download the data that has been generated in GEMINI in an ASCII format that is space-delimited.
Material Balance
The material balance problem addressend in the current version of GEMINI is that of a reservoir producing above bubble point under an adtive bottom water drive. Water influx will be calculated by the Carter-Tracy formalation (constant terminal rate solution to the diffusivity equation). In an ideal situation, the user will input the history of oil and water production volumes and average reservoir pressure in a spreadsheet like format along with the PVT parameters relevant to the reservoir fluids and formation. The module will calculate and plot volume of fluids withdrawn from the reservoir (F/E) against the volume of water influx (We/E) at regular time steps. Havlena-Odeh's method of aquifer-fitting will be used to describe (approximate) and aquifer that coupled wiht the reservoir selected, the F/E versus We/E plot will be a straight line with unit slope. The intercept of this straight line will provide the estimate of the material-balance OOIP (volume of original oil in place). In many field studies, the average reservoir pressure history is unavailable. In such cases, the user will have to assume that the volumetric OOIP is equal to the material balance OOIP. The user has to vary the average reservoir pressures (at different time- steps), The spreadsheet layout of the module and its dynamic link to the plot will make the process of iteration less cumbersome. The average reservoir pressure history, thus back-calculated, can be validated by comparing available DST data that have been recorded over time in the field.
The following Modules were modified in this Release:
Rock Catalog Module
Production Module - ** NEW **
The GEMINI Production Module allows the user to interactively select and view oil and gas leases and associated wells, construct semilog graphs of annual production for selected leases, obtain tabular lists identifying leases and annual production, and generate a movie of production bubble maps to depict changes in oil and gas production for selected leases over a specific time interval.
The GEMINI Production Module can be used as a standalone tool to view and analyze lease production data from the database or as a tool, accessed during the analysis of a GEMINI project, to compare production of lease with volumetric maps, e.g., estimates of original-oil-in-place.
The user can zoom in and out of an area and can view and select leases according to whether lease produces oil, gas, or both. Well locations can also be shown. Lease identification is provided in tabular view to help in the selection process. Once leases are selected, the user is able to view map of the leases and listing of lease names, chart the annual production of the selected leases, and produce a movie of bubble production maps. The user selects the ranges of years to be shown and can select and deselect leases to be analyzed.
The Production Module compliments reservoir analysis by providing a basis to compare geological and engineering characterizations to production. In this context, the Production Module is most useful when the reservoir interval that is characterized corresponds to the intervals that produce. Alternatively, the analysis of lease production from intervals that are analogous to the reservoir being analyzed can provide a useful perspective variations in productivity, in part related to the types of heterogeneities.
The following modifications were made to the Volumetrics Module:
On May 7, 2003, Kansas Geological Survey Web Server had a hardware crash that disabled many of the Web Applications, including the GEMINI Project Web Application. Version 3.3 represents the modifications to the GEMINI Source Code to move the Gemini Servlets from the original server to the new server. There were many changes to the directory paths that affect the way GEMINI works.
There are no new modules in this release, just the modifications to the source code to move GEMINI to a new server.
User/Project Module
The User/Project was redesigned to include some new functionality. To provide a better means of navigating the User progress within a project. The Module Icon Buttons were merged with the User's Available Projects and a Notes Dialog was included to allow the user to communicate with other members of the project about that project. A summary dialog was included to show the user with a specific project and for a specific module what data is missing and to assist them in retrieving the necessary data. A interactive graphical map was created to allow the user to select wells by selecting from a plot with all the available wells within a specific county. The user still has the capability to filter the wells by LAS Files, Measured Core Data, Core Images, and DST Data. A new Upload process was created to allow the user to send their data to KGS. The new process allows the user to send Digital LAS Files, Measured Core Data, Core Images, DST Data or Formation Tops data.
DST Module
The drill stem test (DST) module is being developed to be able to access and process digital drill stem test data to compute permeability knowing the thickness of the zone being tested, obtain the reservoir pressure through a Horner Plot, and display fluid recoveries for use as an indication of initial production rates. Over 1000 digital DST files currently reside in the Kansas Geological Survey's Oracle database, information that was donated by Trilobite Testing. The user will eventually be able to upload their own DST data to compliment this publicly available information. In addition to providing vital analyses for DST, the availability of the software should encourage more use, access, and integration of this information. GEMINI will permit comparison of these results with those derived from well logs and cores to substantiate quantitative characterization of the reservoir. The results will also help to delimit flow units for use in geomodeling and volumetric analysis. The formation volume factor needed in this analysis can be derived from GEMINI's PVT module.
Well Profile Module
Added the other water models to the Basic Log Analysis (PfEFFER) Data Panel. Split the PfEFFER Regions from the Formation Database Table to the PfEFFER Region Database Table. The PfEFFER Region is now Project dependent and will not show up for the same well for every project. The Formation Tops, DST Measurements and Perforations will act as before. Fixed a problem with the LAS Read Servlet by making sure that if an exception occurs then close the File. Moved the Global Variables in the Well Profile Servlets to local variables so there is less chance of corruption.
PfEFFER Module
Added the capablility to download the contents of the PfEFFER Parameter Panel and Tables to a File that can be saved on the Users PC.
Rock Catalog Module
A digital rock catalog was conceived to be able to present a wide range of rock petrophysical data for a range of lithologies, organized on the premise that individual type core samples exhibit petrophysical properties that are representative of a class of rocks of similar lithology. The rock catalog concept originated by Shell in the early 70's was designed to present rock petrophysical properties for major rock types worldwide. The first catalog contained 80 samples. Their fundamental paradigm, as it is in this digital rock catalog, is rocks of similar lithology and basic properties exhibit similar petrophysical properties. In contrast to earlier rock catalogs, our digital version is presented in relational context, not limited to categorical data as previous attempts. GEMINI's rock catalog is project specific and relational in that type sample properties are shown within the context of other samples of similar type or within context of all samples for study. In other words, a sample can be compared to others to determine correlations and permit use of data models, e.g., permeability vs. porosity.
Cross Section Module
The Cross Section Module will combine color image and conventional log curves that can be annotated. Correlation lines are also drawn. Wells are selected from a context-sensitive map.
Volumetrics Module
Added the capablility to download the contents of the Gridding and Volumetric Tables to a File that can be saved on the Users PC.
DST Module (Prototype)
The drill stem test (DST) module is being developed to be able to access and
process digital drill stem test data to compute permeability knowing the thickness
of the zone being tested, obtain the reservoir pressure through a Horner Plot,
and display fluid recoveries for use as an indication of initial production
rates. Over 1000 digital DST files currently reside in the Kansas Geological
Survey's Oracle database, information that was donated by Triolobite Testing.
The user will eventually be able to upload their own DST data to compliment
this publicly available information. In addition to providing vital analyses
for DST, the availability of the software should encourage more use, access,
and integration of this information. GEMINI will permit comparision of these
results with those derived from well logs and cores to substantiate quantitative
characterization of the reservoir. The results will also help to delimit flow
units for use in geomodeling and volumetric analysis. The formation volume
factor needed in this analysis can be derived from GEMINI's PVT module.
Cross Section Module (Prototype)
The Cross Section Module will combine color image and conventional log curves
that can be annotated. Correlation lines are also drawn. Wells are selected
from a context-sensitive map.
Volumetrics Module
Completed the Volumetric Module for Beta Testing.
An important application of the reservoir geomodel is the initial evaluation of reserves and the estimation of the volume of recoverable hydrocarbons. Volumetric-study offers an opportunity to evaluate the total production potential of the reservoir based on the petrophysical properties defined at each well.
The inputs to the volumetric calculations include three petrophysical parameters and they are the net hydrocarbon bearing thickness, effective porosity and water saturation in the macro-porosity. Super-Pickett analysis at the well level is used to obtain the representative values of these petrophysical parameters. Standard mapping package are used to generate spatial distributions (maps) of effective porosity, water saturation in macro porosity, and effective pay thickness for the study area. Distribution of the each petrophysical property is stored in a separate table as an array of grid cells.
PfEFFER Module
Completed the PfEFFER Module for Beta Testing. The PfEFFER Module is focused on interpreting and analyzing reservoir pore type, permeability trends, and variations in mineral composition. PfEFFER provides procedures for optimal estimation of bulk volume water and water saturation (including irreducible values) to better evaluate potential production, reservoir quality, and heterogeneity. Also capillary pressure data can be incorporated to further calibrate well log data with pore size or to assess depth to the free water level.
New Gemini Application Web Page
Added links to all the modules that will be developed for the GEMINI Project.
The New Gemini Application Web Page will assist the Gemini User in navigating
the Tools that are available to them in order to perform Well and Field Level
Analysis on Oil and Gas Wells in Kansas.
This version is the same as Version 2.2 except that the Formation Tops for
some of the Special Projects at KGS are protected.
PVT Calculator Module
Oil Calculations menu consists of three menu items
Water Calculations menu consists of two menu items
Gas Calculations menu consists of three menu items
Fluid Catalog Module
Search for brine analyses in Kansas
User/Project Module
This module will allow the Gemini User to create and maintain their own work space on the Kansas Geological Survey's database.
The Gemini User can then run the Well Profile Module to view the selected well's LAS Files, Formation Tops, Computed PfEFFER Curves and Measured Core Data and Core Images if they are available for the selected well. A Beta Version of the PfEFFER Module.
The Prototype Rock Catalog and Volumetrics Modules are also available through the User/Project Module.
Kansas Well Location Module
This module will allow the Gemini User the ability to select a well from a list of wells that are presently in the Kansas Geological Survey's database.
The Gemini User can then run the Well Profile Module to view the selected well's LAS Files, Formation Tops, Computed PfEFFER Curves and Measured Core Data and Core Images if they are available for the selected well.
Upload LAS File Module
This module will allow the Gemini User to upload any LAS Files and include that file within their project area. The Gemini User will then be able to plot their LAS file with the Well Profile Module.